REVIEW OF INDIAN STANDARDS

IS:9609 English lettering for technical drawings.

IS:10711 Sizes of drawing sheets.
IS:10712 Presentation of item references on technical drawings.
IS:10713 Scales for use in technical drawings.
IS:10714 General principles of presentation on technical drawings.
IS:10715 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawings.
IS:10716 Rules for representation of springs on technical drawings.
IS:10717 Conventional representation of gears on technical
drawings.
IS:10718 Method of dimensioning and tolerancing cones on technical
drawings.
IS:10719 Method of indicating surface texture on technical
drawings.
IS 10720 Technical drawings for structural metal works.
IS:11663 Conventional representation of common features and
materials on technical drawings.
IS:11669 General principles of dimensioning on technical drawings.
 OTHER INDIAN STANDARDS

IS:919 (2 parts) ISO system of limits and fits.

IS:2102(2 parts) General tolerances.
IS:2709 Guide for selection of fits.
IS:8000(4 parts) Tolerances of form and
position for engineering
drawings.
IS:3073 Assessment of surface
roughness.
IS:4218 (6 parts) ISO Metric screw threads
 RECOMMENDED SCALES

Full Scale Reduced Scale Enlarged Scale

1:1 1:2 10:1
1:2.5 5:1
1:5 2:1
1:10
1:20
1:50
1:100
1:200
 Projections

The symbol is indicated on the drawing clearly in the title block.

Symbol for first angle projection

Symbol for third angle projection

 Dimensioning on Engg. Drgs.
Dimensions shall be given from visible out lines rather
than from hidden lines.
 Dimensioning on Engg. Drgs.
It is preferable to give dimensions from a base line
or a centre line of a hole or a cylindrical part.
 Dimensioning .... Contd..
Dimensioning to a center line shall be avoided except
when the center line passes through the centre of a
hole or a cylindrical part.
 Dimensioning .... Contd..

Dimension lines and projection lines are drawn as

continuous thin lines.
Projection lines should extend slightly beyond the
dimension line.
 Dimensioning .... Contd..

Construction and intersecting projection lines

should extend slightly beyond the point of intersection.
 Dimensioning .... Contd..
Leaders which touch the lines shall not be normally
inclined less than 30o angle.

Should not be parallel to the adjacent dimension or

projection line.

Use of common leader should be avoided.

 Dimensioning .... Contd..

Use of common leader should be avoided.

Dimensioning Arrows
Inscription of dimensions
 Addition of letters and symbols
The diameter symbol is used, before a dimension to indicate the
diameter.
The letter R is used, before a dimension to indicate a radius.
The letter SQ is used, before a dimension to indicate a square.
The letter HEX is used, to indicate a hexagon before across
dimension.
The word SPHERE is used, to indicate a spherical surface before
the radius or
diameter dimension.
Addition of letters and
symbols
The diameter symbol is used,
before a dimension to indicate the
diameter.
The letter R is used, before a
dimension to indicate a radius.
The letter SQ is used, before a
dimension to indicate a square.
The letter HEX is used, to indicate a
hexagon before across dimension.
The word SPHERE is used, to
indicate a spherical surface before the
radius or
diameter dimension.
 Special indications

To indicate a surface or a surface zone to give an additional treatment

which shall be applied within limits to be specified on the drawing.
Arrangement of dimensions

Chain dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning

Combined dimensioning
Dimensioning by coordinates
Superimposed running dimensioning
Equidistant features

Equal dimensions

Assembled parts
The tolerance value restricted to the specified length.
ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONING OF KEY WAYS & TAPERS
TOLERANCES FOR LINEAR AND
ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
WITHOUT INDIVIDUAL
TOLERANCE INDICATIONS
 INDICATIONS ON THE DRAWINGS
GENERAL TOLERANCES FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS.

Designation Description

f fine

m medium

c course

v very
course
 INDICATIONS ON THE DRAWINGS

General tolerances about the untoleranced dimensions to be given near

the title block in the drawing.
Ex: untoleranced dimensions as per : IS 2102 medium.

Permissible deviations for linear dimensions

Permissible deviations for basic size range
0.5 0.3 Over Over Over Over Over Over Over
Designation Description
36 6 - 30 30 - 120 120-400 400-1000 1000-2000 2000-4000

f fine 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.5 -

m medium 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 2

c course 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 2 3 4

v very
course
- 0.5 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 8

For nominal sizes below 0.5mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the
relevant nominal size (s)
 GENERAL TOLERANCES FOR RADII AND CHAMFER
HEIGHTS

Permissible deviations for basic size

range
Designatio Description 0.5 - 3 Over 3 6 Over 6
n

f fine

0.2 0.5 1
m medium

c course

0.4 1 2
v very course
For nominal sizes below 0.5mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the
relevant nominal size (s)
 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS

Permissible deviations for basic size

range
Designatio Description Upto 10 Over Over Over Over 400
n 10-50 50-120 120-400

f fine

1o 0o30 0o20 0o10 0o5

m medium

c course 1o30 1o 0o30 0o15 0o10

v very course 3o 2o 1o 0o30 0o20

TOLERANCE DISPOSITION CHART
Accuracy expected of manufacturing process
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
 Surface texture on drawing
Symbols for surface texture
The basic symbol consists of two legs of unequal length
inclined at approximately 60o to the line representing the
considered surface

If the removal of material by machining is required, bar is

added to the basic symbol

If the removal of material is not permitted, a circle is added to

the basic symbol.

When a special characteristics have to be indicated a line is

added to the longer arm of the symbol,
 SURFACE ROUGHNESS
The value of the machining allowance shall be indicated on
the left of the symbol.

Surface texture shall be placed relative to the symbol.

or cut-off length
 Indication of surface roughness on drawing
Surface roughness is normally indicated on the drawing by the symbols

, , , , .
The surface as represented by the symbol is finer than the surface as
represented by the symbol .
Symbol indicates un machined surface.

Surface roughness represented by symbols and can be achieved by

machining such as turning and milling, etc.

Surface roughness represented by can be achieved by grinding

operation.

Surface represented by the symbol can be achieved by fine

grinding, super finishing, lapping and honing operation.
Indication of surface roughness on drawing
 System of assessment of surface roughness

Maximum peak to valley value (Rmax)

The distance between the two parallel lines. i.e. one through
the maximum point and the other through the minimum point of
the profile
 Surface roughness value ( Rz )

The Ten Point Height Method is used for determining surface roughness
values on the basis of graphical records of the profile
The value obtained by this method is indicated as Rz from which Ra is
evaluated.
Rz = [(R1 + R3 + R5 + R7 + R9) ( R2 + R4 + R6 + R8 + R10)] / 5

Calculated values of Ra and Rz : Log Rz = 0.65 + 0.97 log Ra

An empirical relation is Rz = K. Ra
Where K is a constant varying from 3.9 for rough surface to 5 for fine
surfaces. In practice Rz: Ra = 4, can be adopted.
 Centre line average value
(C.L.A. value) Ra

This system measures the average of 5 to 10 values to assess the roughness

value.

The reference line for measurement is the mean line of the profile, which divides
the actual profile of the surface in such a way that the total of the areas above the
line and the profile is equal to the total of the area below the line and the profile.

The C.L.A. value denoted by the symbol Ra

It is expressed in microns = 10 6 of a meter.
Ra = (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + .. + Yn) / n = Yn / n
Y1, Y2, Y3, .Yn are added irrespective of their sign
 Root mean square value (Rrms)

The value of roughness is obtained from the profile record of the surface and is
defined as the average root mean square deviation (Y) of the profile from its mean
line in a definite sampling length (L)

Ra and Rrms are roughly proportional.

Rrms value about 10% greater than Ra.

Rrms = [(Y2n ) / n]

(5572/13) x (1/10) = 2.07 m
Quality of scraped surfaces

Determined by the number of contact

surfaces between the scraped surface and
inspection surface in an area of 25 mm x
25mm square.
Scraped surfaces are divided into 5 classes:
From most precise to most coarse.
The size of the surface plate used for the
measurement must be proportional to the
size of the scraped surfaces.
Surface roughness of the machined
surface before scrapping must not be
coarser
than Ra = 3.2 m.
Symbols for the direction of lay
 Indications on drawing

A basic symbol (in brackets) of the special surface texture or textures.

The symbol or symbols (in brackets) of the special surface texture of textures.
The symbols for the surface textures which are exceptional to the general
symbol are indicated on the corresponding surfaces.
TAYLOR
HOBSONS
SURTRONIC
Measurements with different systems of stylus
THREADS TOLERANCING SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THREADS
Formulae used
 Tolerance grades for threads
MALE (BOLT) FEMALE (NUT)
GRADES GRADES

PITCH DIAMETER 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 4,5,6,7,8

MAJOR DIAMETER 4,6,8 NOT APPLICABLE

MINOR DIAMETER NOT APPLICABLE 4,5,6,7,8

Fundamental Deviations

MALE (BOLT) FEMALE (NUT)

DEVIATIONS DEVIATIONS

e, g, h G, H
The amount of displacement for various deviations depends upon the pitch
 Recommended thread tolerances
for bolts & nuts

BOLTS NUTS

Fine 4h 5H

Medium
(commercial 6g 6H
type)

Coarse 8g 7H
General application

For precision and fine pitches Class 3,4 & 5

For commercial purpose, Class 6
For long thread lengths, hot rolled, blind threads Class 7, 8 & 9
GEOMETRICAL
TOLERANCING
DEFINITION

A geometrical tolerance is the maximum permissible

variation of

Form
Orientation
Location of a feature
 POINTS, LINES AND SURFACES

Points have position, but no size.

Joining of points is a line, it can be a straight line or a curved line.

Surfaces are composed of lines.

 FEATURE CONTROL SYMBOLS

LENGTH AS REQUIRED

Feature is a specific characteristic portion of a part.

Point, line, surface, hole, slot, screw thread or profile.
The frame height to be twice the height of the character
used for dimensioning, tolerancing and notes on the drawing.
POSITION OF ARROW HEAD

On the outline of the feature

On an extension of the out line

On an extension (projection) line

from the feature, in line with the
size dimension.
POSITION OF ARROW HEAD

Geometrical tolerance with

reference to center line.

The feature control symbol is

shown in association with the size
dimension.
 APPLICATION TO SURFACES

The leader and arrowhead should be from the feature control symbol.
Usually perpendicular to the line or surface.
Or at an angle.
Two or more feature control symbols, which apply to the same feature,
are drawn together with a single leader and arrowhead
 APPLICATION TO CENTER LINES

Used for multiple diameter parts with a common axis.

 APPLICATION TO CENTER LINES

CONTROL OF CENTER LINE OF A PORTION OF A PART

 FORM TOLERANCING

STRAIGHTNESS OF LINES & SURFACES

STRAIGHTNESS SYMBOL
 STRAIGHTNESS

DEFINITION:
Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface or an edge
is in a straight line.

TYPICAL USE:
Typically used to control the form of cylindrical or conical
surfaces. The straightness requirement applies to the entire surface.
 STRAIGHTNESS

Straightness tolerance is specified on a drawing by means of

a feature control symbol, which is directed by a leader to the
line requiring control.
 INTERPRETATION

0.05

The lines should be straight within 0.05 mm.

This means that the line should be contained within a tolerance zone
consisting of the area between two parallel straight lines in the same plane,
separated by the specified tolerance.
 STRAIGHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS CHECKING WITH A STRAIGHT EDGE

MEASURING

Straightness can be measured by bringing a straight edge in contact with

the line, and determining the space between the straight edge and the
line.
 MEASURING
Straightness includes all errors of form, such as concavity, convexity,
waviness, tool marks and other such imperfections.

If the feature tends towards convexity the height of the tolerance zone is
measured where the least possible straightness error results.
 STRAIGHTNESS
ON CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

STRAIGHTNES ERRORS IN A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

 STRAIGHTNESS
ON PROFILED SURFACES
A straight tolerance when applied to the surface, controls surface elements only.

It controls bending or a wavy condition of the surface, or a barrel shaped part.

Straightness not necessarily control the straightness of the centerline, nor

conicity of the cylinder.
 STRAIGHTNESS

MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
The part is set up by suitable means, such as V-blocks on a surface plate, with
the surface to be evaluated closely parallel to the plate. Readings are then
taken at various points along the surface.
 STRAIGHTNESS

INTERPRETATION

Each line element of the surface shall be contained with in a tolerance zone
consisting of the space between two parallel planes, separated by the width of the
specified tolerance, when the part is rolled along one of the planes.
 STRAIGHTNESS

ON CONICAL SURFACES
 STRAIGHTNESS
ON FLAT SURFACES

A straightness tolerance indicates in one direction only.

 STRAIGHTNESS

FLAT SURFACES
The straightness tolerances may all be shown on a single view by
indicating the direction with short lines terminated by arrow heads.
 STRAIGHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
Straightness of a flat surface could be checked by laying a straightedge
along the part, and measuring any resultant space.
 STRAIGHTNESS

ON REGULAR POLYGONS

Straightness tolerance applies to all of the longitudinal surfaces.

For all other shapes it applies only to those surfaces indicated unless
otherwise specified.
 STRAIGHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS IN A SPECIFIED LENGTH

The expression 0.2/50 does not mean 0.2mm per 50mm of length.
It means 0.2 mm in any 50mm long portion of the part.
 Indicates straightness within 0.2mm for the full length.
Not to exceed 0.05mm in any 25mm length.
 STRAIGHTNESS OF FEATURES OF SIZE

APPLICATION

The same straightness symbol is used in the feature control symbol

as for straightness of surface elements.

However, when not modified by MMC, the feature control symbol may be directed
either to the center line, or to extension lines from the diameter
or thickness as shown.
 APPLICATION

Positioning the feature control symbol between the views should be avoided.
Unless it is perfectly clear as to whether it refers to the lengthwise or widthwise
Straightness.
If the cross section is circular the tolerance zone becomes circular and a
diameter symbol then precedes the tolerance
 INTERPRETATION

A straightness tolerance applied to a center line means that all centerlines

between opposing line elements of the surface shall lie completely within
tolerance zones having a width equal to the specified tolerance
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE
The part to be measured is mounted using some suitable means of support,
such as between centers or on V blocks.

Two indicators are mounted diametrically opposite one another, preferably

on the same carriage and arranged to move parallel to the centerline being
measured as shown.

Indicators are placed at zero at one end and differences in readings between
the two indicators are noted as the carriage is moved toward the other end.
 STRAIGHTNESS

If a centerline is common to two or more diameters of other features,

a straightness tolerance directed to the centerline applies to all
features on the common centerline unless otherwise specified
STRAIGHTNESS OF ONE FEATURE OF MULTIPLE DIAMETER PART

If the tolerance is intended to apply to only

one thickness or diameter on the common
center line, a note may be added beneath the
feature control symbol .
Alternatively the symbol may be directed
to extension lines from the surfaces.
DIRECTION OF APPLICATION OF STRAIGHTNESS

Straightness of a center line or median plane

applies only to center lines which run in the
direction of the line or line elements to which the
straightness tolerance is directed.
The width or diameter of the tolerance zone
lies in the direction in which the arrowhead
points.
In the rectangular part in Fig., the control
applies only to longitudinal centerlines between
corresponding line elements of the top and
bottom surfaces.
If the cross section is circular or is a regular
polygon, with no means of determining a
specific orientation for measuring purposes, the
tolerance applies in all applicable directions, as
already explained.
If there is a ready means of identifying the orientation, the tolerance applies
only in the direction indicated .
If there may be some ambiguity a note should be added, such as THIS
DIRECTION ONLY .
If the part is circular and it is intended that the tolerance apply in all
directions a diameter symbol should precede the tolerance value.
If a tolerance is shown in two directions
it is measured in these two directions
and the tolerance zone is then a
parallelopiped
 STRAIGHTNESS MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

It actually specifies a virtual size, equal to the maximum material limit of

size plus or minus the specified geometrical tolerance

To signify that the maximum material principle the symbol (M) is

placed immediately after the tolerance value in the feature control symbol
As there must always be a feature size dimension associated with such a
tolerance it is useful and convenient to establish this relationship by directing
the feature control symbol in line with the dimension, or associating it with
the dimension by a common leader
 STRAIGHTNESS MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

Tolerance of zero MMC, means that the virtual size limit coincides
with the maximum material limit.

If a feature is everywhere at its maximum material limit of size, no

errors of straightness are permitted.
 STRAIGHTNESS MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

A straightness tolerance modified by (M) means that the feature should lie
within a tolerance zone consisting of the line between two parallel lines, in
the same plane as the longitudinal section of the feature being evaluated.
These zone lines are separated by the special straightness tolerance, plus the
maximum material size of feature
MEASURING PRINCIPLE

Gage consists of two straight and parallel gauging elements between

which the part must pass.

These gauging elements must be at least as along as the length of the

feature being gauged.

The gage must be maintained normal to the surface being evaluated.

 STRAIGHTNESS OF INTERNAL FEATURES

It is very seldom used for round holes.

This is because such features are more readily controlled by other
geometrical tolerances, such as cylindricity, perpendicularity, or position,
all of which control straightness.
However straightness is very useful control for some internal features,
such as grooves and slots.
 STRAIGHTNESS WITH A MAXIMUM VALUE

If it is desired to ensure that the straightness error does not become too
great when the part approaches the least material size limit, a
maximum value may be added, as shown.
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS SYMBOL
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS OF A SURFACE
The condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.

INTERPRETATION
The flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by
two parallel planes within which the surface must lie.
 CONTROLLING FLATNESS ON TWO OR MORE SURFACES

If the same control is desired on two or more surfaces a suitable note may
be added instead of repeating the symbol
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
The part of be measured is set up on a surface plate or measuring plane, using one fixed
and two adjustable supports spaced as far apart as possible.
An indicator gage is set to zero on the area above the fixed support.
The other supports are adjusted to give zero readings above each support.
Readings are then taken at a sufficient number of points on the surface to ensure that the
tolerance is not exceeded.
 CONTROL OF DIRECTION OF ERRORS

It is sometimes desired to further control the direction of flatness errors,

for which purpose a note may be added beneath the feature control
symbol, such as MUST NOT BE CONCAVE or MUST NOT BE
CONVEX
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

SYMBOL & APPLICATION

The symbol is the same as for flatness of a surface, except that the modifier
(M) is placed after the tolerance value, and the feature control symbol is
directed to the thickness dimension
 FLATNESS MMC BASIS

A flatness tolerance on an MMC basis means that the feature or part shall
be contained within a tolerance zone consisting of the space between two
parallel planes, which are separated by the specified tolerance plus the
maximum material size

These planes must be large enough to completely encompass the feature

Flatness on an MMC basis is a very useful tool as a control for relatively

thin parts, which may be subjected to bending or dishing
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS
FLATNESS MMC BASIS MEASURING PRINCIPLE

On an MMC basis, the measurement of flatness requires the use of a

functional GO gage.

The gage consists of two parallel plane surfaces, large enough to

encompass the whole part, and between which the part must pass
 FORM TOLERANCING - FLATNESS

FLATNESS FOR A SPECIFIED LENGTH

If flatness within a specified length is given the gage must be made of this length
ROUNDNESS
 Roundness

Roundness refers to a condition of a circular

line or the surface of a circular feature wherein
all points on the line or on the periphery of a
plane cross section of the feature, are
equidistant from a common center point .
Examples :
Disc, Sphere , Cylinder, Cone
Errors of Roundness
 Errors of Roundness

Ovality : Difference appear in major and minor axes.

 Errors of Roundness

Lobing: Small Variation in diameter as shown in figure.

 Errors of Roundness

Irregularity : Random irregularities from a true Circles

 ROUNDNESS SYMBOL

The geometrical characteristic symbol for roundness is

simply a circle, having a diameter 75% of the feature control
symbol frame height.

ROUNDNESS SYMBOL
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

The variation should lie within the width of the Annular space
between two concentric circles
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

Incorrect Incorrect Correct

Roundness error is min. radial separation between two

concentric circles within which all points on measured
surface to lie.
ROUNDNESS ERROR MAY EXCEEDS SIZE BOUNDARY

Measurements between any two opposing points along the circumference

shall be within the specified diameter tolerance limits.
The outer diameter of the roundness tolerance zone exceeds the actual
measured diameter of the part by the amount of roundness tolerance.
ROUNDNESS OF CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

ROUNDNESS FOR INTERPRETATION OF

A CYLINDRICAL FEATURE ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

It is preferable to direct a roundness tolerance for a cylindrical

feature to the view in which the feature appears as a circle.

The tolerance applies to all planes perpendicular to the axis.

 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE APPLIED TO A SPHERE

The tolerance is shown in the same manner and applies to any or all
planes, which pass through a section of maximum diameter.
ROUNDNESS OF NON-CYLINDRICAL PARTS

Non-cylindrical parts refer to conical parts and other features which are
circular in cross-section but which have variable diameters.

Since many sizes of circles may be involved it is usually best to direct

the roundness tolerance to the longitudinal surface as shown.
ROUNDNESS MEASURING PRINCIPLE

The measurement of roundness presents some problems, as it does not lend

itself to direct measurement.

Indirect measurement involves establishing the relationship of the periphery of a

feature with the geometry of a perfectly round form, regardless of its size or the
exact position of its center.

It is immaterial whether the part is revolved in contact with a fixed indicator or

whether the indicator is revolved around the part.
POLAR CHART & TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

POLAR CHART PROFILE OF PART TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

The indicator readings are entered directly on polar chart

during roundness measurement of cylinder.
The profile is evaluated by means of transparent overlay chart
on which concentric circles are scribed to the same scale as the
polar chart.
Note : There are a number of commercial instruments available, based
on optical, mechanical, or electronic principles, some of which produce
a polar chart automatically as the part is revolved
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

(NOT) RECOMMENDED
It is sometimes suggested that parts be checked for roundness by
revolving them in suitable V-block, while measuring the upper
surface with an indicator gage

This method does not measure in accordance with the definition of

roundness, and is therefore not recommended for precise results.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

An estimate of out of roundness errors can

sometimes be obtained by making separate
measurements on a part in V-blocks having different
included angles, for example 180, 120, 90 and 60.

If all measurements show little or no indicator (NOT) RECOMMENDED

movement it might be assumed that the part is
satisfactory.

Full indicator reading is approximately equal to

measurement over a diameter, instead of a radius.
The roundness error will therefore be roughly half the
indicator movement.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

USE OF TWO BLOCKS

To avoid errors of readings due to bending of the parts it may be

necessary to employ two narrow vee-blocks. In this method one of
the vee-blocks must always be directly under the point of measurement.
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

HOW LOBING CAUSES ERRORS IN MEASURING

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Five Lobed part in 60 V-block-- indictor reading practically zero
even though the component is out of round
 ALTERNATIVE MEASURING PROCEDURES

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Three Lobed part in 60 V-block-- indictor reading greatly
exaggerated for small variation of roundness.
 ROUNDNESS OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS

(NOT RECOMMENDED)
ROUNDNESS OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS

Round holes can be toleranced for roundness in the same manner as external
cylindrical features,

If the holes are large enough for insertion of a gaging probe, similar methods
used for external measurement can be used.
Indicator gauges used for measurement of internal roundness for bigger hole
diameters.
Drawback of this method is same as that of V-blocks
For small holes, where suitable gaging probes or indicators cannot be used, it is
recommended that roundness tolerances be replaced by cylindricity tolerances of
zero MMC
 ROUNDNESS ON MMC BASIS

It is often desirable to ensure that any errors of roundness do not

cause the periphery of the feature to cross the maximum material
boundary.

This shall ensure that the part will assemble satisfactorily with its
mating part.

This is accomplished by specifying a roundness tolerance on an MMC

basis.

A tolerance on this basis is generally directed to the diametric

dimension, such as the zero MMC tolerance.
 ROUNDNESS ON AN MMC BASIS

ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE ON MMC BASIS

Max. Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 50.00mm

Min. Dia. of Part = 49.88mm
Minor Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 49.76mm
Mean Tolerance Zone = 0.12mm

PART MAY CROSS THE LEAST MATERIAL BOUNDARY

CYLINDRICITY
 Cylindricity

Cylindricity refers to a condition of a surface,

which forms a cylinder where the surface
elements in cross sections parallel to the axis are
straight and parallel and in cross sections
perpendicular to the axis are round. Cylindricity
thus combines in one term geometrical form
tolerances for roundness, straightness and
parallelism of the surface elements.
 Cylindricity

Cylindricity tolerances can only be applied to cylindrical

surface, such as round holes and shafts.

No specific geometrical tolerances have been devised for other

circular forms, which require the use of several geometrical
tolerances.

A conical surface, for example, must be controlled by a

combination of tolerances for roundness, straightness, and
angularity.
 Cylindricity

Errors of Cylindricity may be caused by out of roundness, like ovality or

lobing

Errors of straightness caused by bending or by diametral variation

Errors of parallelism like conicity or taper

Random irregularities from a true cylindrical form.

 CYLINDRICITY SYMBOL

The geometric characteristic symbol for cylindricity consists

of a circle with two tangent lines at 60.
The circle diameter is 62% of the height of the feature
control symbol frame.
 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE DIRECTED TO EITHER VIEW.

The Cylindricity tolerance symbol is used in a feature control symbol

Directed to the cylindrical surface, in either the side view or end view
 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

A Cylindricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone

consisting of the annular space between two coaxial cylinders,
having a difference in radii equal to the specified tolerance zone
of 0.05 on radial dimension.

PERMISSIBLE FORM ERRORS

 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

DIAMETER OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE MAY BE

LARGER THAN MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF THE PART

When the part is at the maximum diameter limit the major

diameter of the Cylindricity tolerance zone would likely be larger than
the maximum diameter limit.This may be due to lobing, and other
irregularities or bending.
 MEASURING METHODS

PART IN VEE BLOCKS FOR CYLINDRICITY TESTS

Checked by revolving in vee-blocks while taking indicator readings on the

top surface, in a manner similar to methods described for the measurement of
roundness
The roundness near both ends is first checked by making indicator readings
directly over blocks of varying angles to ensure that lobing will not
significantly affect the results.
The part is then mounted in identical short length vee-blocks, which are
located at each end of the part
 CYLINDRICITY OF HOLES

Cylindricity tolerances are applicable to internal cylindrical

surfaces, such as round holes.

Measurement
Large holes can be assessed by means of indicator or electronic gauges.

Best method is to assess the holes with a plane round GO gauge of

length at least equal to the full length or depth of the hole and having the
diameter equal to the max. material size minus the specified tolerance
Coplanarity and Symmetry
 CORRELATIVE TOLERANCING
Correlative geometrical tolerancing refers to tolerancing for the
control of two or more features, intended to be correlated in
position or attitude.
 COPLANARITY
It refers to the relative position of two or more flat surfaces, which are intended
to lie in the same geometrical plane.
No special symbol exists for co planarity.
Either the symbol for position or the symbol for flatness may be used,
depending on the type of control required.
Fig illustrates a suitable method of tolerancing when one or more surfaces are
required to be coplanar with a principal surface, which is then specified as a
datum feature.
The tolerance controls orientation and flatness of the toleranced surfaces within
the same limits.
But does not control flatness of the datum feature surface.
The position of the surfaces in relation to the base or other features of the part
must be separately dimensioned and toleranced, as shown by the 25mm
dimension.
Application: In Fig, Coplanar surfaces are also required to be
accurately located and parallel to another surface of a part, which
is then designated as a datum feature. In this case, the datum and
the controlled surfaces must be associated by a basic dimension.
Although the positional tolerance applies separately to
each surface, the tolerance zones are of equal width, and are
each parallel to and at equal distances from the datum surface.
This condition results essentially in one tolerance zone
within which the surfaces must lie simultaneously.
The positional tolerance controls orientation and form
(parallelism and flatness) of both surfaces within the same
limits.
 It is sometimes necessary to reference surfaces to a datum system instead
of to a single datum surface. This occurs when it is necessary to control
coplanar surfaces perpendicular to a datum instead of parallel to it.
Fig shows a case where the coplanar surfaces are required to be
perpendicular to the axis of a hole.

B
 SIMULTANEOUS REQUIREMENTS

If it is necessary to hold co planarity of two or more surfaces

within close limits but permit a greater variation in the position of
the surfaces in relation to other features of the part, two methods
of tolerancing may be used. Both give the same results.
 1 2

The surfaces may be positioned relative to one another, using the symbol for
position, as shown in the Fig 1.
Alternatively they may be treated as one flat surface, using a flatness tolerance and
symbol as shown in the Fig 2. The word SIMULTANEOUS must be added beneath
the feature control symbol.
Otherwise the tolerance would apply separately to each surface, and would control
their flatness but would not ensure that they were in the same plane. A profile symbol
may also be used instead of flatness symbol.
 A parallelism tolerance is sometimes used for coplanar surfaces, as shown in
Fig. Such a tolerance only controls parallelism and flatness of the surfaces.
Their positions may vary anywhere within the tolerance zone for position
specified by the toleranced dimension.
 OTHER CORRELATED SURFACES

Many features other than flat surfaces may be correlated if they have line
elements in a single direction in the same straight or circular line.
It is often possible to control such features using controls similar to those
applied to coplanar surfaces. Either a positional tolerance or a simultaneous
form tolerance may be used, depending on the type of control required. Fig
below, gives a few examples.
 SYMMETRY
DEFINITION

Symmetry is a condition in which a feature or features are symmetrically

disposed about a centerline or center plane of another feature. The centerline or
plane of the second feature is usually specified as a datum.

A symmetry tolerance specifies the width of a tolerance zone. This width is the
area between two parallel lines or the space between two parallel planes equally
disposed about the datum axis or median plane.

Symmetry is therefore a special case of position. The advantage of using the

symmetry symbol rather than the position symbol is that it indicates that the true
position is symmetrical and often eliminates the need for basic dimensions to
correlate the position of features.
 SYMMETRY
SYMBOL

The geometric characteristic symbol for symmetry

consists of three horizontal lines, as shown in Fig. The
dimensions refer to percentages of the feature control symbol
frame height.

60 %
SYMMETRY APPLICATIONS RFS
Fig shows a simple example in which a slot is intended to be symmetrical
with the overall width of the part, which in turn is specified as the datum.
Note that it is not necessary to show a true position dimension for the slot or
equal dimensions from the sides of the slot to the sides of the part, which
might be deemed necessary if a positional tolerance, were used.
 The interpretation, shown in Fig below, shows the tolerance zone equally
disposed about the centerline or median plane of the datum feature.
Theoretically this centerline or median plane of the datum feature is perfectly
straight and true, being based only on the high spots of the feature resting on
the datum surfaces.
The centerline of each controlled feature is influenced by any errors of form or
orientation of the surfaces. However, the width of the tolerance zone remains
the same for each part, regardless of the actual size of the feature or of the
datum feature.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE
Example 1

One surface of the datum feature is laid directly on a surface plate, as shown
in Fig. Measurements are made from the datum surface to one side of the slot.
The highest and lowest readings are noted.

The part is then revolved 180, so that the other surface of the datum feature
rests on the surface plate and measurements are made to the other surface of
the slot.

The difference between the highest and lowest of all of the measurements
constitutes the symmetry error, which must not exceed the specified tolerance.
Example - 2

The Fig above shows with two slots, one of which is designated as a
datum feature. For measuring purpose the part is supported on one side
of the datum slot while the measurements are made to the other slot.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE OF SYMMETRY
Example - 3

Fig.1 shows a part in which a hole is required to be symmetrical with

the sides of the part as well as perpendicular to the face of the part.

2
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE OF SYMMETRY
Example 3 cont. Measurement can be made, by fitting the hole with a close
fitting mandrel and supporting the part against an angle plate, representing datum
A, as shown in Fig.1. The part must also touch the surface plate along its length.
The height is then measured from the surface plate over the mandrel.
Readings are taken at two points on the mandrel, separated by a distance
W, equal to the width of the part, as shown in Fig.2. Height measurements for the
hole are then calculated from the formulae shown below, paying particular
attention to the mathematical signs in each case.
For example, if E is larger than F, (F-E) becomes a negative quantity, and
the second formula becomes D=C (E-F). The part is then revolved 180 and
measurements repeated with surface resting on the surface plate. The maximum
difference between any of the four measurements represents the symmetry error.

2
 Example - 4

Symmetry can also be applied to parts with circular datums as shown in the Fig
above.
For measuring purpose the small hole is fitted with a suitable mandrel.
Measurements are then made between the mandrel and the sides of the datum
hole, such as by inserting gage pins as shown in Fig. The difference between the
sizes B&C gives the symmetric error.
This measurement shall be precise only if the datum hole has no roundness
errors, which might increase and decrease the apparent symmetry error
 APPLICATION ON AN MMC BASIS

When ever possible symmetry should be specified on an MMC basis.

Such specification solves most of the measurement problems by
permitting use of suitable functional GO gages. Some examples of parts
toleranced on this basis, with suitable gaging principles, are shown below.

6.0

Example 1
 5.95

6.0 0.05 6.0 0.05

Example 2
6.0 0.05
Example 3

Example 4
Example 5

Example 6
Concentricity And Coaxiality
 CONCENTRICITY AND COAXIALITY
Concentricity is a condition in which two or more features, such as
circles, spheres, cylinders, cones, or hexagons, share a common
center or axis.
An example would be a round hole through the center of a cylindrical part.

Coaxiality is a very similar condition in which two or more circular

or similar features are arranged with their axes in the same straight
line.
Examples might be a counter bored hole or a shaft having parts along its
length turned to different diameters.
Both these terms are often used interchangeably. For geometrical
tolerancing the same symbol is used for both conditions.
 SYMBOL

The geometric characteristic symbol for both concentricity and

coaxiality consists of two concentric circles, having diameters equal to
75% and 50% respectively of the feature control symbol frame height

CONCENTRICITY SYMBOL
 CONCENTRICITY TOLERANCING

CONCENTRICITY OF CIRCLES

Diameter A is the Datum Circle

Concentricity Tolerance is applied to the outer circle
The Circle with 0.12 Dia. is the tolerance zone
 ENLARGED PROFILE OF PART

The datum center is the center of the largest perfect circle, which
can be inscribed within the datum feature.
The tolerance zone is concentric with this datum center.
The center points of the controlled circle are established from the
periphery of the feature and their position will be affected by
irregularities or errors of form of the periphery.
Note : This is illustrated by the enlarged profiles. The center point of
diameter A-A is a point a, and the center point of diameter B-B is point
b. These and all other center points must lie within the tolerance
zone.
CYLINDRICAL PART WITH CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE

A common type of part where the outer diameter is required to

be concentric with the center bore, which is designated as a
datum feature.
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE

To fit a suitable mandrel in the datum feature

Set two indicators with Master Gages to Zero reading
Rotate the mandrel with component in V-block
The difference of the reading gives the concentricity
EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRICITY

Figure A theoretical Perfect form

Both indicators read Zero-Zero as the part is revolved
Figure B represents eccentric part
The upper indicator read 0.05 and lower indicator read
+0.05 when revolved by 90deg both indicators return to zero
 EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRICITY

Figure C represents a oval part

Both indicators read 0.12
when revolve by 90deg. Both indicators return to zero
Figure D represents a three lobed part
The upper indicator reads zero While the lower reads 0.1
(center is high by 0.05)
when revolve by 60deg. The upper indicator reads 0.1 and lower one reads
zero (center is 0.05 low)
TWO-FEATURE DATUM
MEASURING WITH VEE-BLOCK

MEASURING WITH VEE-BLOCK

CONCENTRICITY REFERENCED TO DATUM SYSTEM

Tolerance zone is perpendicular to datum A and also concentric with

the axis of datum B in the plane of datum A
The part is mounted on datum A and centered on datum B, and the job is
revolved while the controlled feature is contacted by two opposing
indicators.
It should be noted that this tolerance automatically controls the
straightness of the centerline of the 25mm portion and its
perpendicularity with datum A within the same tolerance.
Runout
 Correlative Tolerances Runout
Runout is the deviation in position of a surface of revolution
as a part is revolved about a datum axis.

A run out tolerance represents the maximum permissible

variation of position of a surface, measured at a fixed point,
when the part is revolved without axial movement through 360
about the datum axis.
The tolerance zone is the area or space, of uniform thickness,
between two shapes coaxial with the datum axis and parallel
to the true profile of the controlled surface.
The runout variation is measured normal to the surface being
controlled by contacting the surface with an indicator gage
while the part is revolved on it datum axis
The runout error is the full movement of the indicator
 Circular Runout and Total Run Out

Circular Runout Total Runout

Circular Runout Concerns Runout of each Circular element or Cross Section

Total Runout provides composite control of all surface elements

 CIRCULAR RUNOUT OF CYLINDRICAL FEATURES

Circular Runout is measured at Several positions along the surface

At each position the indicator movement during one revolution of
part must not exceed the specified tolerance(0.1mm)
For Cylindrical feature runout error is caused by eccentricity and
errors of roundness
Circular Runout is not affected by a taper(conicity) or errors of
straightness of the straight line elements such as barrel shaping
 ANGULAR RUNOUT AND TOLERANCE ZONE

Circular Runout may be applied to surface of revolution which are

any desired angle in the relation to the datum axis
Measurements are made at each cross-section of the complete
profile.
Indicator to be normal to the surface of measurement
 RUNOUT PERPENDICULAR TO AXIS

Error will be shown if the surface is not flat but not perpendicular
to axis (wobbling)
No Error be indicated if the surface convex or concave but
otherwise perfect
 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

Measurements are always made normal to the curved surface

 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT IN SPECIFIED DIRECTION

All measurements are made in the same direction of 45O to the

axis if specified in the drawing
 TOTAL RUNOUT

Total runout TOLERANCE ZONE FOR TOTAL RUNOUT

Total run out concerns the runout of a complete surface, not merely
the runout of each circular element.
For measurement purposes the checking indicator must traverse the
full length or extent of the surface while the part is revolved about
its datum axis
Measurements are made over the whole surface without resetting
the indicator.
Total runout is the difference between the lowest indicator reading
in any position, and the highest reading in that or in any other
position on the same surface.
 TOTAL RUNOUT

MEASURING TOTAL RUNOUT ON CONICAL PART

For conical surfaces the datum axis can be tilted to the taper angle
so that the measured surface becomes parallel to a surface plate
Thank You