Computer Network Course

Lecture 1

Introduction
 Computer Network
Why network
Communications Model
Network types
Network Software
Layering
Protocol
Stack models

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected

by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber,
or any medium which can transport a signal carrying information.
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 Why Network

Resource Sharing
Reliability and Availability
Communication Medium
Access Information
E- Commerce
Person to Person Communication
Others

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 Some of Network applications

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 A Communications Model

Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data

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 Simplified Communications Model - Diagram

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 Simplified Data Communications Model

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 Types of Networks
Classification according to the covered distance

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 Type of Networks

Classification according to the access techniques

Point to Point (Switched) Network

Circuit switched networks
Packet switched networks
Broadcast Network
Local Area Networks
Wireless LAN
Satellite networks

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 Type of Networks:

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 Broadcast Networks

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Network Software

Protocol Hierarchies
Design Issues for the Layers
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Service Primitives
The Relationship of Services to Protocols
 Protocol

Key Features of a Protocol

Syntax
Concerns the format of the data blocks
Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Semantics
Includes control information for coordination and error handling
Timing
Includes speed matching and sequencing
 Protocol Hierarchies

The job of sending

message from source to
destination would be
complex without divided
the job into tasks, using
the concept of Layers

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Protocol Hierarchies
Example: information flow
Design Issues for the Layers

Addressing
Error Control
Flow Control
Multiplexing
Routing
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

Unacknowledged connectionless service.

Acknowledged connectionless service.
Acknowledged connection-oriented service.

UN-Acknowledged Acknowledged

Connection-Less Best Effort Better Quality

Connection Reliable Delivery

Oriented

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 Service Primitives

Five service primitives for implementing a simple

connection-oriented service.
Service Primitives

Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction

on a connection-oriented network.
Relationship of Services to Protocols
Reference Models

The OSI Reference Model

The TCP/IP Reference Model
A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
The OSI reference model.
OSI Application Layer
Provides access to the OSI environment for users
Provides distributed information services

OSI Presentation Layer

Provides independence to the application processes from
differences in data representation (syntax)

OSI Session Layer

Provides the control structure for communication between
applications
Establishes, manages, and terminates connections (sessions)
between cooperating applications
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OSI Transport Layer
Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between end points
Provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control

OSI Network Layer

Provides upper layers with independence from the data
transmission and switching technologies used to connect systems
Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating
connections

OSI Data link Layer

Provides for the reliable transfer of information across the
physical link
Sends blocks (frames) with the necessary synchronization, error
control, and flow control 25
 OSI Physical Layer

Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit stream over

physical medium
Deals with accessing the physical medium
Mechanical characteristics
Electrical characteristics
Functional characteristics
Procedural characteristics

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 The TCP/IP reference model.

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Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model
initially.
 The reference model to be used in this course.

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