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Manajemen

Sebuah Pengantar

Subagyo
http://subagyo.staff.ugm.ac.id

Iegmubetter

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Creative-Productive-Efficient 1
Manajemen
Seni dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan melalui orang
lain [M.P. Follet]
Proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan,
dan pengawasan usaha-usaha para anggota
organisasi dan penggunaan sumberdaya organisasi
untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi [Stoner]
Manajemen sebagai
Ilmu dan Seni;
Profesi

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Kenapa Butuh Manajemen
Untuk mencapai tujuan.
Untuk menyeimbangkan tujuan-tujuan yang
saling bertentangan.
Untuk mencapai efektivitas dan efisiensi.

Peter Drucker:
Effective: Doing the right things
Efficient: Doing things right

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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What Is a Managers Responsibility?
Manager
The individual responsible for achieving
organizational objectives through efficient and
effective utilization of resources.
The Managers Resources
Human, financial, physical, and informational
Performance
Means of evaluating how effectively and efficiently
managers use resources to achieve objectives.
Today often means How as well as What
______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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What Do Managers Do?
Management Functions (Different Scope at job level)
Planning
Setting objectives and determining in advance exactly (?) how
the objectives will be met.
Monitor for Change and Anticipate or React
PDCA Plan Do Check - Act
Organizing
Delegating and coordinating tasks and allocating resources to
achieve objectives.
Leading
Influencing employees to work toward achieving objectives.
Setting an Example (Shadow of the Leader)
Controlling
Establishing and implementing mechanisms to ensure that
objectives are achieved.

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Tingkatan Manajemen
First-Line Manager
Crew Leader Manajemen Operatif:
Foremen Pengarahan dengan
Supervisor
memotivasi, supervisi,
dan komunikasi.
Middle Manager
Department head
Sales manager
Superintendent
Top Manager
General Manager
Director Manajemen Administratif:
President Director Penentuan Tujuan, Perencanaan,
Vice President Pengorganisasian, Penyusunan
Personalia, dan Pengawasan.
CEO

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Types of Managers
General Managers
Supervise the activities of several departments.
Functional Managers
Supervise the activities of related tasks.
Common functional areas:
Marketing/Sales/Product Development
Operations/Production/Services Delivery
Finance/Accounting
Human Resources/personnel management
Infrastructure (IT, Real Estate, Legal)
Project Managers
Coordinate employees across several functional departments to
accomplish a specific task.
______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Non-Management
Individual Contributors (ICs)
Non-management operative employees
Workers in the organization who are
supervised by first-line managers.
Professionals/Specialists/Technicians
(Knowledge Workers)

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Manajer Fungsional
Manajer yang mengelola satu fungsi, misal:
Manajer Pemasaran

Manajer Personalia

Manajer Produksi

Manajer R&D

Manajer Keuangan

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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Example of Management Levels and
Functional Areas

INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS OFTEN REPORT ANYWHERE Iegmubetter


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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Tugas Penting Manajer
Bekerja dengan dan melalui orang lain
Memadukan dan menyeimbangkan tujuan-tujuan
yang saling bertentangan dan menetapkan prioritas
Bertanggung-jawab dan mempertanggung-
jawabkan.
Mampu berpikir analitis dan konseptual
Mediator
Politisi
Diplomat
Mengambil keputusan-keputusan sulit.
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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Kegiatan Manajer
Interaksional (Management Roles)
Peranan interpersonal
Figurehead, leader, and liaison
Peranan informasional
Monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson
Peranan pengambilan keputusan
Entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and
negotiator
Administratif
Pemrosesan kertas kerja
Penyiapan dan administrasi anggaran
Monitoring kebijakan dan prosedur
Pemeliharaan stabilitas operasi
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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Kegiatan Manajer
Kegiatan Teknis
Pekerjaan dengan peralatan-peralatan
Pemecahan masalah teknis
Pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi teknis
Kegiatan Pribadi
Pengaturan waktu
Pengembangan karier pribadi
Keterlibatan dalam kehidupan pribadi

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Ketrampilan Manajer
Conceptual skills and Decision Making
Kemampuan koordinasi dan integrasi kepentingan dan
kegiatan organisasi serta pengambilan keputusan.
Human skills
Untuk membangun partisipasi
Administrative skills
Perluasan ketrampilan konseptual
Technical skills
Penguasaan alat, prosedur, dan teknik-teknik tertentu.

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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Soal:
Masuk kategori ketrampilan manajemen apa?

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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Sejarah Manajemen
1870-1930: Manajemen Ilmiah
F.W. Taylor
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
H. Gantt
H. Emerson
1900-1940: Teori Organisasi Klasik
H. Fayol
J.D. Mooney
M.P. Follett
H. Simon
C.I. Banard
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Sejarah Manajemen
1930-1940: Hubungan Manusiawi
Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo
Fritz Roethlisberger
Hugo Munsterberg
1940-Sekarang: Manajemen Modern
A. Maslow
C. Argyris
D. McGregor
E. Schien
D. McCleland
R. Blake & J. Mouton
E. Dale
Peter Drucker

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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Manajemen Ilmiah: H. Emerson
Tujuan dirumuskan dengan jelas
Kegiatan masuk akal
Staf yang cakap
Disiplin
Balas jasa yang adil
Laporan terpercaya, segera, akurat, dan ajeg.
Perintah-perencanaan-dan pengurutan kerja
Standar dan jadwal
Kondisi, operasi, dan instruksi yang standar
Insentif efisiensi
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Hubungan Manusiawi: H.
Munsterberg
Peningkatan produktivitas:
1. Penemuan best possible person
2. Penciptaan best possible work
3. Penggunaan best possible effect untuk
memotivasi karyawan.

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Manajemen Modern:
Contingency approaches
The main proposition in contingency
approaches is that the effectiveness of a
given leadership style is contingent on the
situation, implying that certain leader
behaviors will be effective in some situations
but not in others.

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Management History
F Taylor:
Give me your hands

Tom Peters:
Give me your hands and your head
Searching for efficiency!!!!

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New Workplace Issues and Challenges
[Lussier, 2006, Management Fundamentals]

Knowledge, Learning, Quality, and Continuous


Improvement
Information is the foundation of knowledge which, in turn,
is the foundation of competitive advantage. People
(employees) are the competitive advantage!
Knowledge workers

The learning organization

Knowledge Management
Involves everyone in an organization in sharing knowledge
and applying it to continuously improve products and
processes.
______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
22
New Workplace Issues and Challenges
[Lussier, 2006, Management Fundamentals]

Change, Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship


Knowledge management requires that people change in
order to continually improve.
The speed of change in modern business has increased
because of globalization and changes in technology and
other factors.
Creativity is coming up with new ideas for improvements,
and innovation is implementing those ideas.
Entrepreneurship is about generating creative ideas and
using them through innovation.

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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New Workplace Issues and Challenges
[Lussier, 2006, Management Fundamentals]

Participative Management, Empowerment,


and Teams
Empowering employees to share in performing
management functions by working in teams.
Learning organizations manage knowledge well by
empowering teams to be creative and innovative.
Ethics and Social Responsibility
Managerial integrity
Situational responses
e. g. Gempa Yogyakarta
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Creative-Productive-Efficient
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New Workplace Issues and Challenges
[Lussier, 2006, Management Fundamentals]

Networking and Boundaryless Relationships


Electronic networks
Beware the informality of e-mail, social media, miss-
interpreted messages and first impressions
Can be distracting/off task
Relationship networks
Virtual integration

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
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Tugas
Pelajari pemikiran tokoh-tokoh manajemen.
Susun paper maksimal 15 lembar yang berisi
tentang komparasi minimal 2 pemikiran
tokoh-tokoh manajemen dari dua wilayah,
misal Asia, Eropa, Amerika.
Didiskusikan dan dikumpulkan paling lambat:
Kamis depan.

______________________________ Iegmubetter
Creative-Productive-Efficient
26

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