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Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Third Edition
Chapter 7
Parallel Transfer
Parallel data transmission is extremely fast because all
the bits of the data word are transferred simultaneously.
Parallel data transmission is impractical for long-
distance communication because of:
cost.
signal attenuation.
Serial Transfer
Data transfers in communication systems are made
serially; each bit of a word is transmitted one after
another.
The least significant bit (LSB) is transmitted first, and
the most significant bit (MSB) last.
Each bit is transmitted for a fixed interval of time t.
Serial-Parallel Conversion
Because both parallel and serial transmission occur in
computers and other equipment, there must be
techniques for converting between parallel and serial
and vice versa.
Such data conversions are usually taken care of by
shift registers, sequential logic circuits made up of a
number of flip-flops connected in cascade.
Serial-Parallel Conversion
The flip-flops in a shift register can store a multibit
binary word, usually loaded in parallel into the
transmitting register.
When a clock pulse (CP) is applied to the flip-flops, the
bits of the word are shifted from one flip-flop to another
in sequence.
The last (right-hand) flip-flop in the transmitting register
stores each bit in sequence as it is shifted out.
The serial data word is transmitted over the
communication link and is received by another shift
register.
Serial-Parallel Conversion
Serial data can typically be transmitted faster over
longer distances than parallel data.
Serial buses are now replacing parallel buses in
computers, storage systems, and telecommunication
equipment where very high speeds are required.
Serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial data conversion
circuits are also referred to as serializer-deserializers
(serdes).
Figure 7-4: Parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel data transfers with shift registers.
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Delta Modulation
Delta modulation is a special form of A/D conversion
that results in a continuous serial data signal being
transmitted.
Figure 7-8: The A/D converter divides the input voltage range into discrete voltage
increments.
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Figure 7-9: A D/A converter produces a stepped approximation of the original signal.
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Figure 7-38: A block diagram showing the processing algorithm of a nonrecursive FIR
filter.
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