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7- 2
Introduction
Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.
7- 3
Internal Forces in Members
Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
7- 5
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
Compute reactions and connection forces.
Fx 0 : Ex 0
7- 6
Sample Problem 7.1
Consider member BCD as free-body:
MB 0:
2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0 C y 3600 N
MC 0 :
2400 N 1.2 m B y 2.4 m 0 B y 1200 N
Fx 0 : Bx C x 0
7- 7
Sample Problem 7.1
Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent force-couple system.
MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0 M 2160 N m
Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0 F 1344 N
Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0 V 1197 N
7- 8
Sample Problem 7.1
Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
MK 0:
1200 N 1.5 m M 0 M 1800 N m
Fx 0 : F 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0 V 1200 N
7- 9
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.
7- 10
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
7- 11
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point in a
beam subjected to concentrated and
distributed loads.
7- 12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
Determine reactions at
supports.
Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V P 2 M Px 2
Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V P 2 M P L x 2
7- 13
Sample Problem 7.2
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading Plot results.
shown.
7- 14
Sample Problem 7.2
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
Fy 0 : 20 kN V1 0 V1 20 kN
M 2 0 : 20 kN 0 m M 1 0 M1 0
Similarly,
V3 26 kN M 3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M 4 50 kN m
V5 26 kN M 5 50 kN m
V6 26 kN M 6 50 kN m
7- 15
Sample Problem 7.2
Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
7- 16
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
7- 17
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA 0:
B y 32 in. 480 lb6 in. 400 lb22 in. 0
B y 365lb
MB 0:
480 lb 26 in. 400 lb 10 in. A32 in. 0
A 515 lb
Fx 0 : Bx 0
7- 18
Sample Problem 7.3
Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From A to C:
Fy 0 : 515 40 x V 0
V 515 40 x
M1 0 :
515 x 40 x 12 x M 0
M 515x 20x 2
From C to D:
Fy 0 : 515 480 V 0
V 35 lb
M 2 0 : 515 x 480 x 6 M 0
M 2880 35 x lb in.
7- 19
Sample Problem 7.3
From D to B:
Fy 0 : 515 480 400 V 0
V 365 lb
M2 0:
515 x 480 x 6 1600 400 x 18 M 0
M 11,680 365 x lb in.
7- 20
Sample Problem 7.3
Plot results.
From A to C:
V 515 40 x
M 515x 20x 2
From C to D:
V 35 lb
M 2880 35 x lb in.
From D to B:
V 365 lb
M 11,680 365 x lb in.
7- 21
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Relations between load and shear:
V V V wx 0
dV V
lim w
dx x 0 x
xD
VD VC w dx area under load curve
xC
M M M Vx wx x 0
2
dM
lim
M
lim V 12 wx V
dx x0 x x0
xD
M D M C V dx area under shear curve
xC
7- 22
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
wL
Reactions at supports, R A RB
2
Shear curve,
x
V V A w dx wx
0
wL L
V V A wx wx w x
2 2
Moment curve,
x
M M A Vdx
0
x
L w
M w x dx L x x 2
0 2 2
wL2 dM
M max M at V 0
8 dx
7- 23
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx w 0 and shear is
constant.
With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx V constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
7- 24
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
MA 0:
D24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft
12 kips 28 ft 0
D 26 kips
F y 0 :
Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips 0
Ay 18 kips
7- 26
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.
7- 27
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A 0, w w0
dx
VB V A 12 w0 a VB 12 w0 a
dV
at B, w 0
dx
7- 28
Sample Problem 7.6
The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A 0, V 0
dx
M B M A 13 w0 a 2 M B 13 w0 a 2
M C M B 12 w0 a L a M C 16 w0 a3L a
7- 29
Cables With Concentrated Loads
Cables are applied as structural elements
in suspension bridges, transmission lines,
aerial tramways, guy wires for high
towers, etc.
For analysis, assume:
a) concentrated vertical loads on given
vertical lines,
b) weight of cable is negligible,
c) cable is flexible, i.e., resistance to
bending is small,
d) portions of cable between successive
loads may be treated as two force
members
Wish to determine shape of cable, i.e.,
vertical distance from support A to each
load point.
7- 30
Cables With Concentrated Loads
Consider entire cable as free-body. Slopes of
cable at A and B are not known - two reaction
components required at each support.
Four unknowns are involved and three
equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to
determine the reactions.
Additional equation is obtained by
considering equilibrium of portion of cable
AD and assuming that coordinates of point D
on the cable are known. The additional
equation is M D 0.
For other points on cable,
M C2 0 yields y2
Fx 0, Fy 0 yield Tx , Ty
Tx T cos Ax constant
7- 31
Cables With Distributed Loads
For cable carrying a distributed load:
a) cable hangs in shape of a curve
b) internal force is a tension force directed along
tangent to curve.
Consider free-body for portion of cable extending
from lowest point C to given point D. Forces are
horizontal force T0 at C and tangential force T at D.
From force triangle:
T cos T0 T sin W
W
T T02 W 2 tan
T0
Horizontal component of T is uniform over cable.
Vertical component of T is equal to magnitude of W
measured from lowest point.
Tension is minimum at lowest point and maximum
at A and B.
7- 32
Parabolic Cable
Consider a cable supporting a uniform, horizontally
distributed load, e.g., support cables for a
suspension bridge.
7- 33
Sample Problem 7.8
SOLUTION:
Determine reaction force components at
A from solution of two equations formed
from taking entire cable as free-body
and summing moments about E, and
from taking cable portion ABC as a free-
body and summing moments about C.
7- 34
Sample Problem 7.8
SOLUTION:
Determine two reaction force components at A
from solution of two equations formed from
taking entire cable as a free-body and summing
moments about E,
ME 0:
20 Ax 60 Ay 406 3012 154 0
20 Ax 60 Ay 660 0
Solving simultaneously,
Ax 18 kips Ay 5 kips
7- 35
Sample Problem 7.8
Calculate elevation of B by considering AB as
a free-body and summing moments B.
MB 0: y B 18 520 0
y B 5.56 ft
7- 36
Sample Problem 7.8
Evaluate maximum slope and
maximum tension which occur in DE.
14.7
tan 43.4
15
18 kips
Tmax Tmax 24.8 kips
cos
7- 37
Catenary
Consider a cable uniformly loaded along the cable
itself, e.g., cables hanging under their own weight.
7- 38
Catenary
To relate x and y cable coordinates,
W s x
dy dx tan dx dx sinh dx
T0 c c
x
x x
y c sinh dx c cosh c
0 c c
x
y c cosh
c
which is the equation of a catenary.
7- 39