Eukaryotic cells

Protozoa
Fungi
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria
 Lipid/
protein/
carbohydrate complex,
providing a barrier and
containing transport
and signalling systems

Plasma Membrane
 Double membrane
surrounding the
chromosomes and the
nucleolus
Pores allow specific
communication with the
cytoplasm
The nucleolus is a site
for synthesis of RNA
making up the Nucleus
ribosome
Surrounded by a double
membrane with a series
of folds called cristae
Functions in energy
production through
metabolism
Contains its own DNA,
and is believed to have
originated as a captured
bacterium Mitochondria
 Surrounded by a double
membrane, containing
stacked thylacoid
membranes.
Responsible for
photosynthesis, the
trapping of light energy
for the synthesis of sugars
Contains DNA, and like
mitochondria is believed
to have originated as a Chloroplasts (plastids)
captured bacterium.
 A network of
interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell
Covered with ribosomes
(causing the "rough"
appearance) which are in
the process of
synthesizing proteins for
secretion or localization in
membranes
Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex
Rough
responsible for endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
protein
synthesis
 A network of
interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell
A site for synthesis and
metabolism of lipids
Also contains enzymes
for detoxifying
chemicals including
drugs and pesticides

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

 A series of stacked
membranes
Vesicles (small membrane
surrounded bags) carry
materials from the RER to
the Golgi apparatus
Vesicles move between
the stacks while the
proteins are "processed"
to a mature form
Vesicles then carry newly
formed membrane and
secreted proteins to their
final destinations Golgi apparatus
including secretion or
membrane localization
 A membrane bound
organelle that is
responsible for
degrading proteins and
membranes in the cell
Also helps degrade
materials ingested by
the cell
Lysosymes
Membrane surrounded
"bags" that contain
water and storage
materials in plants

Vacuoles
 Produce and degrade
hydrogen peroxide, a
toxic compound that
can be produced during
metabolism

Peroxisomes or Microbodies
Cytoplasm fluid mosaic
 Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to
their cell membranes
 Bacteria
 Molecules surrounded by a membrane and
cell wall
Lack characteristic eukaryotic subcellular
membrane enclosed "organelles
May contain membrane systems
May have photosynthetic pigments like in
cyanobacteria ("blue-green bacteria")
Some have external whip-like flagella for
locomotion or hair like pili for adhesion
Come in multiple shapes: cocci (round),
baccilli (rods), and spirilla or spirochetes
(helical cells).
 Capsule
Glycocalyx
 Molecules surrounded by a membrane and
cell wall
Lack characteristic eukaryotic subcellular
membrane enclosed "organelles
May contain membrane systems
May have photosynthetic pigments like in
cyanobacteria ("blue-green bacteria")
Some have external whip-like flagella for
locomotion or hair like pili for adhesion
Come in multiple shapes: cocci (round),
baccilli (rods), and spirilla or spirochetes
(helical cells).
 Capsule
Glycocalyx
 Flagella
Pili/Fimbriae
 Cell envelope
Cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer
 The cell walls of gram-positive bacteria are
made up of twenty times as much murein or
peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria.
These complex polymers of sugars and amino
acids cross-link and layer the cell wall.
The thick outer matrix of peptidoglycan,
teichoic acid, polysaccharides, and other
proteins serve a number of purposes,
including membrane transport regulation, cell
expansion, and shape formation.
Because gram-positive bacteria have more
layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls than
gram-negative, they can retain the dye.
Gram Positive bacteria
Examples of mycoplasmic bacteria:

Mycoplasma pneumoniae - causes bronchitis,

pneumonia
Ureaplasma urealyticum - one cause of
urethritis
 cytoplasm
 Nuclear Area
Not surrounded by membrane
Nucleoid or nuclear body
- Combination of a special type of RNA called
ribosomal RNA or rRNA(60%) and protein(40%).
- Characterized by S, Svedberg units
- Rates molecular sizes through centrifugation.
- Bacterial rating:
70S
w/ 2 smaller subunits
30S
50S
 For food
For water
 Formed thru the process called: Sporulation
Metabolically inactive cell
Formed when cell is exposed to adverse
environment.
Reverting to active cell, the process is called:
germination
Ex. Gr (+)Bacillus anthracis anthrax
Clostridium tetani tetanus
Normal habitat: soil
Q fever G(-) _______
 To ensure the survival of a bacterium through
periods of environmental stress.
They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and
gamma radiation, dessication, lysozyme,
temperature, starvation, and chemical
disinfectants.
Endospores are commonly found in soil and
water, where they may survive for long
periods of time.
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 Extrachromosomal appendages
A characteristic acquired by the bacteria when
exposed to adverse environment.
 Being in the
gene, the
characteristic
acquired is
passed to the
offspring.
Note the
danger of
irrational use
of antibiotics.
 Eucaryotic Cells Procaryotic Cells

Plant type Animal Type

Plant type Animal Type

Distribution All Plants/fungi/algae All animals and protozoa All bacteria

Nuclear Membrane Present Present Absent

Membranous Structures other Present Present Generally Absent

than cell membrane (photosynthetic membranes)
Cytoplasmic ribosomes 80s 80s 70s
(density)
Chromosomes Composed of DNA and Proteins Composed of DNA and Composed of DNA only
Proteins
Flagella or Cilia When present, have a complex When present, have a When present, have a simple
structure complex structure structure, do not possess cilia
Cell Wall Rigid, of simple chemical Absent Of complex chemical
composition(cellulose) composition containing
peptidoglycan
Photosynthesis Present Absent Present in cyanobacteria and
(chlorophyll) some other bacteria

Comparison Between Eucaryotic and

Procaryotic Cells
Source: Butons Microbiology for
Health Sciences
 End of a periods lecture
 Study of form/shape
Coccus/Cocci Bacillus/Bacilli Spirillum/Spirilla

Spherical rod Spiral

spirochete
 Star
Square
 Singly
By twos
Diplo
In Chain
Strepto
In groups/bunch
Staphylo
Others
Tetrad
sarcinae
 Increase in number
Duplicates by binary fission
 Colony increased bacterial growth that has
come visible to the naked eye, like pus.
Culture Bacterial growth made on a petri
dish(glassware with bottom and cover plates).
Pure Culture contains only 1 type of
bacteria
Mixed Culture contains more than 1 type of
bacteria
Media/Medium prepared in the laboratory
as solid (w/ agar) or liquid ( broth) where
bacteria are grown.
 Lag
Log
Stationary
Death
 Lag Phase
Introduction of bacterium
Inoculation of bacterium
 Logarithmic
Surge of growth
Number of bacteria increase at a fast pace ( 1
becomes 2, 2 becomes 4, 4 becomes 8and so on)
 Stationary Phase
Number of reproduced cells = number of dying
cells
 Death
Number of dying cells is more than the number of
reproduced cells
140000

120000

100000

80000

Series1
60000

40000

20000

0
Day 1 - 2 Day 3 - 4 Day 5 - 6 Day 7-8 Day 9-10 Day 11
 Physical
Optimal pH
Optimal temperature
Osmotic Pressure
Chemical
Oxygen
Carbon
Nutrients and Minerals
 Optimal means favorable
pH refers to the basicity or acidity of a
substance
pH must therefore be favorable to the
bacteria
Usual pH requirement: 7
Acidophiles survive acidic environ
 Usual temp for pathogens: normal body
temp37 deg C
Psychrophile cold
Mesophile body temp range (normal)
Thermophile hot
Extreme thermophile very hot
 Iso osmotic: same pressure as body fluids
0.9% NaCl
Hyper osmotic (hypertonic) more than
Shrink/crenate
______ - can actually survive hyper osmotic environ
Staphylococcus aureus
Hypo osmotic (hypotonic) less than
Swell and burst