Evolution and the Origin of Species

Chapter 18: Evolution and the Origin of

Species

18.1: Understanding Evolution

18.2: Formation of New Species
18.3: Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Plato
James Hutton
Charles Lyell
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Copyright 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Features of animals vary with different types of

environments
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Darwin and Wallace independently developed theories of

natural selection
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Organisms display traits inherited from a common ancestor
but adapted to their individual environments
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Adaptation: heritable trait that increases fitness
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

The fossil record reveals the lineages of several species,

including humans
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Homologous structures demonstrate common descent

 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Different species may show convergent adaptations in

response to the same environmental conditions
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.1 Understanding Evolution

Misconceptions of evolution
Evolution is just a theory
Individuals evolve
Evolution explains the origin of life
Organisms evolve on purpose
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Two organisms are defined as being of the same species if

they can successfully mate
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Convergent evolution can cause individuals to look like
members of the same species, even if they are not
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Speciation events lead to increased biological diversity

 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Allopatric speciation
When separated by
impenetrable barriers, two
populations may evolve
into separate species
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Adaptive radiation occurs
when multiple species
evolve from a single
parental type
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes are

aneuploidy
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Sympatric speciation
Autopolyploidy and alloploidy can result in new species within the
same geographic area
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Differences in breeding behavior can create reproductive

isolation within the same habitat
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Small differences in the environment can create

reproductive isolation within the same habitat
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Differences in physical structures can create reproductive

isolation within the same habitat
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.2 Formation of New Species

Sympatric speciation can occur over a relatively short

period of time
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation

After speciation, interbreeding may occur, creating a hybrid

zone
 Evolution and the Origin of Species

18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation

Two models are gradual speciation and punctuated

equilibrium