DC-DC Converters

Convert a fixed DC Source into a Variable

DC Source
DC equivalent to an AC transformer with
variable turns ratio
Step-up and Step-down versions
Applications
Motor Control
Voltage Regulators
ECE 442 Power Electronics 1
Step-down Operation

Switch SW is known
as a Chopper
Use BJT, MOSFET, or
IGBT
Close for time t1
VS appears across R
Open for time t2
Voltage across R = 0
Repeat
Period T = t1 + t2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 2
Waveforms for the Step-Down Converter

ECE 442 Power Electronics 3

Average Value of the Output Voltage
t1
1
Va vO dt
T 0
t1
1
Va VS dt
T 0
t1
Va VS ft1VS
T
Va kVS
ECE 442 Power Electronics 4
Average Value of the Load Current

Va kVS
Ia
R R
T period
t1
k dutycycle
T
f frequency
ECE 442 Power Electronics 5
rms Value of the output voltage
1
1 kT
2
VO 0 v dt
2
O
T
1
1 kT
2
VO VS dt
2

T 0
VO kVS

ECE 442 Power Electronics 6

If the converter is lossless, Pin = Pout
kT
1
Pin
T v idt
0
O

kT 2
1 v
Pin
T 0
O

R
dt

1 VS2
Pin kT
T R
VS2
Pin k
R
ECE 442 Power Electronics 7
 Effective Input Resistance seen by VS

VS VS
Ri
I a k VS
R
R
Ri
k
ECE 442 Power Electronics 8
 Modes of Operation

Constant frequency operation

Period T held constant, t1 varied
Width of the pulse changes
Pulse-width modulation, PWM
Variable -- frequency operation
Change the chopping frequency (period T)
Either t1 or t2 is kept constant
Frequency modulation

ECE 442 Power Electronics 9

 Generation of Duty Cycle

Compare a dc reference signal with a

saw-tooth carrier signal
DC Reference Signal Carrier Signal

ECE 442 Power Electronics 10

 Vr
vr k
T

kT
vr Vcr @ t kT
Vr
Vcr kT
T
Vcr
k M
Vr
ECE 442 Power Electronics 11
 To generate the gating signal

Generate the triangular waveform of period T, vr,

and the dc carrier signal, vcr
Compare to generate the difference vc - vcr
Apply to a hard limiter to square off
ECE 442 Power Electronics 12
Step-Down Converter with RL Load

ECE 442 Power Electronics 13

 Mode 1: Switch Closed

di
V Ri L
S
E 1
1

dt
i (t )
1 ( t 0 )
I 1

V E
t t (kT )
R R

i (t ) I e 1 e
t t
L S L
1 1
R 1

t t kT
1

i (kT ) I
1 2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 14
Mode 2: Switch Open
di
0 Ri L E 2
2

dt
i (t 0) I
2 2

E

R R

i (t ) I e 1 e
t t
L L
2 2
R
0 t t (1 k )T 2

@t t (1 K )T
2

i (t ) I I
2 2 3 1
ECE 442 Power Electronics 15
Current for Continuous Mode

ECE 442 Power Electronics 16

 V e 1
E
kz

I S

R e 1
1 z
R
V e 1

kz
E
I S

R e 1
2 z
R
TR
z
L
V 1 e kz
e e
z ( 1k ) z

I S

R 1 e z

V
I max
S

4 fL
ECE 442 Power Electronics 17
For Continuous Current

I 0
1

e 1 E
kz

e 1 V 0

z

ECE 442 Power Electronics 18

Define the load emf ratio

E
x
V S

E e 1 kz

x
V e 1
S
z

ECE 442 Power Electronics 19

 Example 5.2
XFG1

J1

1V 0V

L
7.5mH

Vs D2
220V DIODE_VIRTUAL

R
5ohm

ECE 442 Power Electronics 20

ECE 442 Power Electronics 21
SPICE Results

ECE 442 Power Electronics 22