Program StudiTeknik

Physiography of Indonesia Perminyakan Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT

FakultasTeknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Genap_2014 - 2015
UniversitasTrisakti
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1 INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical Methods

2 Fundamental of Seismic Method

3 Seismic Acquisition
4 Seismic Processing
5 Seismic Structural Interpretation
6 Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation
7 Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)
8 Review of Gravity Method
9 Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data Utilization
10 Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration
11 Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir Monitoring
2
1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODOLOGY
a. Bouguer Anomaly
b. Spectrum Analysis
c. Filtering (Regional and Residual separation)
d. Gravity Deconvolution
e. Second Vertical Derivative (SVD)
f. Fault Analysis using SVD

3. PRODUCT OF STUDY
a. Various Gravity Maps
b. Basin Configuration Map
c. Petroleum System Analysis
1. Basin and Depocenter Enhancement
2. Hydrocarbon Resources Calculation
3. Regional Migration Pathways Map
4. Reservoir Development Identification

4
1st
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

2nd
PETROLEUM SYSTEM

3rd
EXPLORATION PLAYS
ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

4th
PROSPECTS

Magoon and Dow (1994)

 PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE
EXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS

Risk

Geological and Petroleum

Generating Processes Post
Economic
Play Engineering Drill
Basin Petroleum Analysis
Concept/ Review
Review System
Prospect

Optimization

Volumetric

After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997

Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect
can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.

Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic

sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.

Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship

between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and
gas accumulations.

Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic

similarity of a series of present-day traps.

Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap

If plate tectonics involves all phases of global geology, it follows that it directly
influences petroleum geology. There is no field of petroleum geology that is not
controlled by (or at least connected with) plate tectonic processes, including basin
formation processes, certain sedimentation processes, the type of sediments
present, and the thermal maturation of kerogen-thus, the entire history of oil and gas.
For example: a petroleum geologist will ask "To what degree is a certain area a
prospect for oil?" To arrive at a correct answer, he or she must first answer a number
of individual questions:

1 In what type of basin does the area lie?

2 How old is the sedimentary sec on?

3 Are source beds, reservoirs and cap rocks present?

4 What is the thermal history of the basin and the surrounding area?

5 Are there hydrocarbon migra on possibili es?

6 Are there traps and, if so, of what type and age?

7 Have hydrocarbons leaked?

8 What is the possibility of discovering oil reserves?

 Petroleum System Definition
Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature source rock,
migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements and the
processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved.
The components and critical timing relationships of a petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic
time along the horizontal axis and the petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and
prospects are typically developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of
existing.

Elements Processes
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route
Migration
Reservoir Rock
Accumulation
Seal Rock

Trap Preservation
 Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation

Factor Sedimentary Petroleum Exploration Prospect

Basin System Play
Investigation Sedimentary Rock Petroleum Traps Trap

Economics None None Essential Essential

Geologic Time Time of deposition Critical Moment Present-day Present-day

Existence Absolute Absolute Conditional Conditional

Cost Very Low Low High Very high

Analysis & Basin System Play Prospect

Modeling

Magoon and Dow (1994)

13
 010731Technology in E&P-main pack.ppt.ppt

Independent studies conclude that new technologies have

created significant value in the industry
EU study: Reserves
gains 1990-1997
Billion boe oil and gas reserves
in UK, Norway and Denmark
Seismic
Shell study: Total pre-tax
benefit in 5 Shell units
US$ billions (1991-1993)
Sub-
surface

Floaters 4,1 Well

Drilling 3,8 Facilities
Other
32
8.3 ~45

X 0,5
X-
3,3

Reser- Due to Other Reser Oper- Total Total Op.

ves better factors -ves ating benefit cost cost
1990 tech- 1997 cost from of 1994
(minus nology
1991 new R&D
prod
90-97)
tech- and
nolo- impl.
gies
Source: EU Energie publication, OGJ, EIA
9/27/2017 14
 East Java Basin (Shelf Edge and Southwards)
Discovery Process Curve

6 1000

BANYU URIP
900
5 UJUNG PANGKAH
800
KAWENGAN
700
4 Early
Number of Discovery Wells

MUDI 600
Miocene 600 MMBOE TO DATE

3 Reef Play (BD) 500

MMBOE
400
2
(Post WW2 Exploration Inactivity)
300

200
1
100

0 1931 1987 1998

0
2010
1888 Year
9/27/2017 15
 7000
Ginger and Fielding (2005)
Gumai
6000

Basement
5000

4000
Baturaja
MMBOE

3000

2000

Talang akar
1000

Airbenakat
1896 1906 1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996
9/27/2017 16
 Old Data New Technology and Concept
Surface
Gravity Magnetic Seismic Well Log Landsat
Geology

Better Understanding of Geology

Basin Depth to Petroleum
Tectonic Structure
configuration Basement System

New Exploration and Acquisition Strategy

New View on Mature Basins: New Plays
and Development of Existing Plays
Opportunities Discover New Basins

9/27/2017 17
New View of Basins
1. Validated basin configuration map
2. Tectonic history analysis
3. Basin Development
4. Petroleum System Elements
Hydrocarbon Resources Calculation
Regional migration pathway pattern analysis
Potential reservoir development: Clastic, Carbonate,
Basement Fracture
5. Extension of existing plays
6. New Plays
7. New Acreages
8. Fields size distribution
9. Exploration Efficiency
10. Remaining Reserve

18
Indonesias Basin Re-Mapping
(The Challenges, Approach and Deliverable)

RECOMMENDATION
New Frontier Area
BASIN STATUS New Plays
Basins Fields Size Development of
Distribution Existing Plays
PETROLEUM Plays Field Size Technology Support
SYSTEM AND PLAY Distribution (Passive Seismic)
Source Rocks Exploration New Frontier Area
Types and Oil Efficiency New Plays Area
BASIN Expelled Remaining
CLASSIFICATION Development of
Regional Reserve Existing Plays Area
Tectonic History Migration Basins Fields Size Technology Support
Basin Evolution Pathways Distribution Chart (Passive Seismic)
Sedimentary Plays Field Size
Reservoir
History Distribution Chart
PETROLEUM Development
Heat Flow Pattern
SEDIMENTARY BASIN Traps Exploration
Heat Flow Map
MAPPING Exploration Play Efficiency
Basin Type
Basin Mapping Classification Concepts Remaining
History Indonesia Basin Oil Expelled Reserve
Recent Status Codification Calculation
Geodynamic Regional
Analysis Migration
Tectonic Inversion Pathways Map
Analysis Reservoir
Basin Validation Development Map
Validated Petroleum System Eko Widianto (2008)
Petroleum Basin Chart
Map Exploration Play 19
Concepts Map
20
 INDONESIA TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY BASINS

SOUTH CHINA SEA

400 KM
SULAWESI
SEA

eastern

BANDA SEA

western

UNDRILLED
22 PRODUCING
15 DISCOVERY
TOTAL OF 8
60 BASINS
NON PRODUCING NON DISCOVERY
DRILLED 15
38 23

Status : Jan 01, 1999

 1 0 1 2 3 4 7
5 6
SU - MATRA
DUIZEND
RADJABASA
ISL BAWEAN
SEBUKU 3b
SEBESI + BAY OF KARIMUNDJOWO - ISLANDS
SANGIANG
BATAVIA
PHYSIOGRAPHIC SKETCHMAP 5

KRAKATAU BATAVIA

J A V A OF
1575
+
3a
S E A JAVA AND MADURA
+ 3b INDRAMAJU
RANGKASBITUNG

0 20 40 60 80 100 km
PRINSEN L
BUTTENZORN PURWAKARTA SUBANG
+ 38
5a 5c OF BOGOR + REMBANG
4a 4b CHERIBON 40
+ 5a + DJUWONO +
+ 2a + 5b + + 7 9 10
+ + +
1730 + 5b +8 TJIANJUR LEMBANG + 11 PATI
TEGAL PEKALONGAN KUDUS
MALINGPING SUKABUMI KENDAL TUBAN
+ 21
BANDUNG DEMAK
PEMALANG DJODJOGAN
BAJAH
+
SEMARANG M A D U R A SUMENEP
7
13 BLORA
750 PELABUHAN RATU BANGKALAN
15 16 PURWODADI
14 + PRUPUK TJEPU PAMEKASAN
SABARANTEN
+ +
PENGALENGAN
+ 19
NORTH SERAYU M
31 T S
+
32
+ +
35
AMBARAWA RANDUBLATUNG
BODJONEGORO
2730 GARUT BUMI AJU + NGIMBANG SURABAJA
KOLEBERES 17 27 33
+ + 18 + SALATIGA WONOKROMO
34 TEMANGGUNG
TASIKMALAJA + NGAWI M A D U R A - S T R A I T
BANDJERNEGARA WONOSOBO
MAGELANG SIWO SRAGEN 48
36 + + MODJOKERTO
2920 SURAKARTA
220 + 37
+ 45 1 (SOLO) 44
+
MADIUN
DJOMBANG
BANGIL
PASURUAN
KARANGNUNGGAL WEST BESUKI SITUBONDO
2020 JOGJAKARTA 53
PROGO + 45 50
2 2512 TJILATJAP PURWOREDJO DJIWO
WONOGIRI
47 +
+
+ 54 PROBOLINGGO
+ 62
NUSA KAMBANGAN MTS + 67
KEDIRI 57 +
3440 49 51 +
3 WONOSARI
BATURETNO + + MALANG +
60
+
3770 300 + 52 59 9
1950 BLITAR 66
TULUNGAGUNG KEPANDJEN 58 +
4 710
TUREN + LUMADJANG
DJEMBER
65
+
PATJITAN PASURUAN BALI
MERAWAN ROGODJAMBU
5 3430
POPOH
1790 310
PUSER
3000
6
I N D I A N O C E
450
A 850
N NUSA BARUNA

7 1755
GROJAGAN
3740
3130 1050
DEPTH IN M
1835
Meridian of Batavia = 2750
108482779 of Greenwich 2710
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

base map after van Bemmelen (1949)

LEGENDS OF THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONES Re-draw by Awang Harun (2005)
1. Quaternary volcanoes
2. Alluvial plains of northern Java
3. Rembang Madura anticlinorium
4. Bogor, North Serayu, and Kendeng anticlinorium
5. Domes and ridges in the central depression zone
6. Central depression zone of Java and Randublatung Zone
7. Southern Mountains
Tectonic Map and Rocks assemblage of Celebes (Hall, 2005)

23
Integrated Basin Mapping Methodology Using Gravity Data
GEOPHYSIC DATA
GEOLOGY WELL DATA
(Seismic Magnetic) GRAVITY

Tectonic Gravity Bouger Anomaly

Spectrum Analysis
Stratigraphy

Filtering & Horizontal Gradient

Petroleum System
Regional Anomaly Residual Anomaly
Plays Identification
Depth of Mantle Deconvolution

Resources
Calculation Density distribution

Fields Size Forward Modeling Basin Configuration

Distribution

Remaining Mature Basin New Basin

Reserve

Development of
New Acreage
existing plays

Indonesia Oil and Gas 24

Eko Widianto (2008) Resources and Reserves
 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Power spectra of gravity data can be roughly divided
into 2-3 segments.
Low frequency (long wavelength) with steep slope is
termed regional due to sources that are deep and or
broad.
At high frequency (short wavelength) as a residual
part has a flatter slope and is due to relatively shallow
sources.
Indicates the depth of sources of anomalies
Smoothing effect of the spectrum will simplifies the
design of the filters.
An example from Java Island

25
 (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

where h is the average depth, LogE and k

are variations of E and k respectively.
26
Power spectral analysis of gravity data. Plots
of logarithm averaged power spectrum of the
Bouguer gravity over the Congo craton versus
wavenumber k for: NE-SW profile and E-W
profile. The averaged power spectrum was
calculated by means of a fast Fourier
transform (FFT). Three mean depths to crustal
interfaces H1, H2 and H3 in decreasing depth
order have estimated from the slope of the
corresponding segments (Marie et. al; 2009)

27
Power spectrum showing log of power of Bouguer gravity spectrum as a
function of wavenumber giving the fitted linear segments corresponding
to ~ 67.6, 33.9, 11.5, 1.7 km depth of interfaces (Chamoli and Dimri ,
2010).
28
Position of spectrum analysis on Bouguer gravity anomaly map

29
 Penampang M-N

8
7 Z = 14.483 km
6
Z=1.6773 km
5
Ln A

4
3
2
1
k = 0.2167
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
k

Spectral Analysis of M-N line of West Java

30
 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF JAVA ISLAND

ZReg (Km) ZRes (Km) k

West Java 13.72 2.12 0.223

Central Java 11.50 2.38 0.208

East Java 16.71 2.56 0.173

Average 14.00 2.35 0.200

31
 FILTERING

The gravity anomaly is the sum of overlapping

gravitational effects of many separate geologic
structures of varying dimensions and depths.
A major step in the analysis of the gravity data is the
process of isolating observed anomaly patterns into
regional and residual components.
The definition of regional-residual is purely subjective
and arbitrary.
Many methods (Moving Average, Polynomial, Second
Vertical Derivative) will be used to separate regional
and residual anomalies in order to obtain a residual
map suitable for gravity modeling study to help define
the Tertiary basin configuration.

32
Local and Regional Gravity Anomalies
From this simple example you can see that
there are two contributions to our observed
gravitational acceleration. The first is
caused by large-scale geologic structure
that is not of interest. The gravitational
acceleration produced by these large-scale
features is referred to as the Regional
Gravity Anomaly. The second contribution
is caused by smaller-scale structure for
which the survey was designed to detect.
That portion of the observed gravitational
acceleration associated with these
structures is referred to as the Local or the
Residual Gravity Anomaly.

33
Two estimates of the regional gravity anomaly using
moving average operators of lengths 15 and 35.
 Moving Average

Averaging Bouguer anomaly to produce regional anomaly

Residual anomaly = Bouguer anomaly regional anomaly
Moving average equation for one dimension:

g i n ..... g i ..... g i n
g r i
N
where N : window
n : (N-1)/2
g r : Regional anomaly

g res g g reg
35
 Window Width (N) Estimation
Spectral Analysis

2
2
k k
N
2
N x kx
6.28
N 6.28
5 * 0.2

Where:
N = window
k = wave number = reg/res cut-off frequency = 0.2
x = interval sampling = 5 Km
= wave length

36
Moving Average Filtering
(7x7) / (35x35) Km

49
1
g reg
49 n 1
gbouguer (n)

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14

B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B21

B22 B23 B24 B25 B26 B27 B28

B29 B30 B31 B32 B33 B34 B35

B36 B37 B38 B39 B40 B41 B42

B43 B44 B45 B46 B47 B48 B49

37
 Eko Widianto, 2008

Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Java

38
 Eko Widianto, 2008

Regional gravity anomaly map of Java using moving average method

39
 Eko Widianto, 2008
Residual gravity anomaly map of Java using moving average method

40
 Eko Widianto, 2008

Horizontal gradient gravity anomaly map of Java

using second vertical derivative (Elkin) method
41
Second Derivative Method
To determine the Bouguer anomaly caused by
normal or reverse faults.

The formula is derived from Laplaces equation for

gravity anomaly at the surface :

2g 2g 2g
2 g = 0 0
x 2
y 2
z 2

Then, for 1-D (cross-section) second vertical

derivative is given as follows:

g
2
g
2

z 2 x 2
SECOND VERTICAL DERIVATIVE

Laplaces Eq. :
2g ( x, y, z ) 0
2g ( x, y, z ) 2g ( x, y, z ) 2g ( x, y, z )
0
x 2
y 2
z 2

2g ( x, y, z ) 2g ( x, y, z ) 2g ( x, y, z )

z 2 2
2
x y

2 Dg(x, y, z) 2 Dg(x, y, z)
= - If Y is constant
z 2
x 2

SVD can be derived through convolution between SVD filter and gravity
anomaly

44
Second Derivative Method
Criteria to determine the
fault type are as follows:

for a NORMAL fault :

2 g 2 g
2 > 2
x maks x min

for a REVERSE fault :

2 g 2 g
2 < 2
x maks x min
Response of first horizontal derivative (FHD) and second Difference response of first horizontal derivative (FHD) and second
vertical derivative (SVD) derived from Bouguer anomaly with vertical derivative (SVD) derived from Bouguer anomaly with many
fault angle at = 700 models of fault angle at () = 200, 450, 700 dan 1350

46
 Fault Identification based on SVD
calculation of selected lines
1

Anomaly Anomaly
SVDmax SVDmin
Line |SVDmax| dan |SVDmin| Fault Type
0

mGal/km2
mGal
Batui Thrust P-Q 38.17 25.09 |SVDmax| > |SVDmin| Normal fault
-1
100 R-S 17.01 18.10 |SVDmax| @ |SVDmin| Strike slip
Palu-Koro
Fault
80 T-U 14.73 41.75 |SVDmax| < |SVDmin| Thrust fault

-2 50
P Q
60 40
Kurva Anomali SVD pada lintasan
30
yang memotong Walanae Fault
Matano 20

mGal/Km2
Fault 40 10
Jarak (km)
0
-3 -10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

20 -20

-30

Lawanopo
S
Fault 20 R Kurva Anomali SVD pada lintasan
0 15 yang memotong Palu Koro Fault
-4
Q 10

mGal/Km2
Jarak (km)

P -20
0

-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-10

-15

-20

-5 -40
Walanae 0 1 2 degree T
20 U
Fault
10
Jarak (km)
0 111 222 km -60 0
0 10 20 30 40

mGal/Km2
-10
Kurva Anomali SVD pada lintasan
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 -20 yang memotong Batui Fault

-30

-40

Second Vertical Derivative Map and

.14
-50

Beberapa lintasanof Celebes

Fault Interpretation terpilih yang digunakan untuk
Gambar 4.15 Contoh penentuan jenis struktur sesar pada beberapa

mengindentifikasi jenis sesar lintasan/penampang anomali SVD di area Sulawesi

47
 Batui Thrust

Palu-Koro
Fault

Matano
Fault

Lawanopo
Fault

Walanae
Fault

Fault Interpretation using SVD overlaid by topographic satellite map Tectonic4.17

and fault
Petapattern map of Celebes (Calvert and Hall,1997)
Gambar 4.13 Interpretasi struktur berdasarkan anomali gayaberat Gambar yang menunjukkan tectonic setting di Sulawesi
second vertical derivative yang di overlay dengan peta (Calvert dan Hall, 1997)
48
topografi dari satelit
49
Gravity Maps
1. Regional modeling
2. Regional tectonic analysis
3. Basin geometry identification
4. Basin and depocenter enhancement
5. Predict lateral oil and gas migration
6. Predict reservoir provenance and
development
7. Integration of well data, deep seismic data,
and magnetic data will improve any regional
structure map.
8. Establishing exploration focus
9. Presence or absence of oil and gas in a
specific areas traps
 GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES
(1)

ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH

Source Rock Deposition
Where were the source rocks deposited? Depth to magnetic basement Seismic data
How deep are the source rocks? Regional basin enhancements Regional geology

Source Maturation
Where are the cooking pots and fetch Depth to magnetic basement Seismic data
areas? Isostatic residual Well data
What is the present-day heat influx into the Sediment thickness Density and Velocity
basin and how much dose it vary? Depth versus density modeling data
What is the thickness of the crust? Regional structural modeling Heat-flow data
What is the overburden? Curie point (regional heat flow)
Delineation of volcanic
Hydrocarbon Migration
How much relief is there on the basement? Magnetic inversion Well and outcrop data
What are the shape of the cooking Depth to magnetic basement Topography
pots? Vertical fault identification Remote sensing
Are major vertical conduits near surface Gradient analysis Seismic data
areas? Regional depocenter and Sequence stratigraphic
Are major lineations present and how do sediment path enhancement analysis
they relate with more recent geologic
features? Seismicity
51
 GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES
(2)

ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH

Reservoir Prediction
Where are the thickest sediment?
Where are the highest sand probability?
Where was the sources of sedimentation?
What is the influence of tectonic on
deposition?
Have the sediment depocenters shifted
over time?
What is the compaction history of the
sediments?
Do the sands have lateral continuity and
connectivity?
Depocenter and sediment path Seismic data
enhancement.
Integrated basin modeling Lithology data (outcrop
Density inversion and well)
Provenance (magnetic lithology) Sequence stratigraphic
determination analysis
Sedimentary magnetic analysis Biostratigraphic data
Paleomagnetic analysis
Integrated velocity analysis (2-D
and 3-D)

Trap
Where are the major structures? Residuals and enhancements Seismic data
What is the structural grain? 2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic Outcrop information
Are faults in the sedimentary section? modeling Topography
Are lateral porosity changes present? Fault identification gradient Remote sensing
analysis Seismicity
Structural inversion
Density inversion
52
53
 Hydrocarbon Migration
Regional structure maps are used in the analysis of preferred
hydrocarbon migration pathway position and directions,
because:
1. Hydrocarbons migrate under the influence of subsurface
pressures, and
2. Subsurface isobars are parallel to regional structure, so that
3. Hydrocarbon migration occur in a preferred ways in direction
that lie parallel to pressure gradient or perpendicular to
subsurface pressure isobars and perpendicular to regional
structure contours.
4. Convex structural elements concentrate flow lines
5. Concave structural elements diverge flow lines
6. 75% or more of basins oil production is contained in only
25% or less of the basinal area.
Hydrocarbon migration pathways in the sedimentary basin (Pratsch, 1998)

55
 Eko Widianto, 2008

Basin configuration and general migration pattern map

57
 Subdivide source rock into more homogeneous units
(if necessary)

1 2 3 N

For each unit

Evaluate equation 1

TOC / 100 X Formation density X Volume of Unit = Mass of organic carbon

(wt %) (g/cc) (V. cc) (M, g TOC)

Evaluate equation 2

Hydrocarbon Index prior to Present day Hydrocarbon generated

Hydrocarbon generation - Hydrocarbon Index = per gram organic carbon
(HIo, mg HC/g TOC) (Hip, mg, HC/g, TOC) (R, Mg, HC/g TOC)
Multiply (equation 3)

Hydrocarbon generated
R (mg HC/g TOC) X M (g TOC) X 10-6 (kg/mg) = by unit
(HCG, kg HC)

Flow diagram of method for approximate calculation

of mass of hydrocarbons generated Schmoker, (1994)
59
 TAMBUN
PONDOK TENGAH

JATIRARANGON
LIPPO CIKARANG
JATINEGARA

CBA
PASIR JADI

JONGGOL

Petroleum System Analysis from Gravity Data

 Eko Widianto (2008)

Development area of proven existing plays

61
 GRAVITY AND
PROSPECT GENERATION

62
Gravity Gradiometry
Gravity gradiometry is the study and
measurement of variations in the acceleration
due to gravity. The gravity gradient is the spatial
rate of change of gravitational acceleration.
Gravity gradiometry is used by oil, gas and
mining companies to measure the density of
the subsurface, effectively the rate of change of
rock properties. From this information it is
possible to build a picture of subsurface
anomalies which can then be used to more
accurately target oil, gas and mineral deposits.
http://www.gradiometry.com
Measuring the gravity gradient
Gravity gradiometers measure the spatial
derivatives of the gravity vector. The most
frequently used and intuitive component is
the vertical gravity gradient, Gzz, which
represents the rate of change of vertical
gravity (gz) with height (z). It can be
deduced by differencing the value of gravity
at two points separated by a small vertical
distance, l, and dividing by this distance.

http://www.gradiometry.com
Comparison to gravity
Being the derivatives of gravity, the spectral
power of gravity gradient signals is pushed to
higher frequencies. This generally makes the
gravity gradient anomaly more localized to the
source than the gravity anomaly.
Conversely, gravity measurements have more
signal power at low frequency therefore
making them more sensitive to regional
signals and deeper sources.
http://www.gradiometry.com
 Gravity Gradiometry Applications
2D Seismic Infill
Many areas of the world have sparse 2D seismic data but
sometimes what is needed is a 3D perspective of the
geology. A 3D seismic survey would be one answer but
many companies are looking to gravity gradiometry to
link the 2D seismic and give a better interpretation of
the subsurface to provide a cost effective 3D perspective
The image on the right shows an example from the Gulf
of Mexico and demonstrates gravity gradiometry's ability
to map faults between the existing 2D seismic data. The
growth fault systems were well mapped on the seismic
data but were unconstrained between seismic lines. The
gravity gradiometry data provided an independent
measurement of the spatial location and geometry of
faults and salt features, resulting in increased confidence
in velocity model building and subsequent depth
imaging and regional interpretation.

http://www.gradiometry.com
 Gravity Gradiometry Applications
Imaging Salt
The relatively low density of salt in comparison with
typical host material and the typical morphology of salt
bodies (the principal causes of problems when creating a
clear sub-salt image with seismic imaging) are far better
suited to being detected and then modeled using high
resolution gravity gradiometry. The technique can
accurately map the density interface between salt and
the surrounding rock and add 3D structural and velocity
constraint to the otherwise interpolated fields.
The example from an onshore survey in West Africa,
shows how a well constrained salt map in 3D has been
developed in an area where 2D seismic data is sparse
and of poor quality. Through the tight integration of FTG
data with the pre-stack seismic data, the interpreter was
able to establish an accurate velocity/density
relationship which was then used to improve the seismic
image and generate the salt surface shown in blue.
http://www.gradiometry.com
Gravity gradient calculation
Analisis Anomali Residual
dan Gradien Vertikal
Prospect
Anomaly
Gambar II.3. Hubungan antara mikroanomali
Gambar hubungan antara anomaligayaberat dan gradiennya
mikro gayaberat dan pada suatu
profil sesarvertikal
gradien (Fajklewicz, 1976)
pada suatu profil sesar (Fajklewicz, 1976)
72
 1 0.360
0.8 Producer

Vertical Gradient (mGal/m)

0.355
Residual Anomaly (mGal)

0.6
0.350
0.4
0.2 0.345
Distance (m)
0 0.340
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-0.2 0.335
-0.4
0.330
-0.6
-0.8 0.325

-1 0.320

Prospect Area
Residual Anomaly : High
Vertical Gradient : Low A
 2.3 0.350
Prospect Area Prospect Area

Vertical Gradient (mGal/m)

0.345
Residual Anomaly (mGal)

1.8

0.340
1.3
0.335
0.8
0.330
0.3
Distance (m) 0.325
-0.2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0.320

-0.7 0.315

-1.2 0.310

Prospect Area
Residual Anomaly : High
Vertical Gradient : Low
B
 2.3 0.390
Prospect Area

Vertical Gradient (mGal/m)

Residual Anomaly (mGal)

1.8 0.370

1.3 0.350

0.8 0.330

0.3 0.310
Distance (m)
-0.2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0.290

-0.7 0.270

-1.2 0.250

Prospect Area
Residual Anomaly : High
Vertical Gradient : Low C
 Line F-F' 0.360
1.4 Prospect Area

Vertical Gradient (mGal/m)

Residual Anomaly (mGal)

0.350
1.2

1 0.340

0.8
0.330
0.6
0.320
0.4

0.310
0.2
Distance (m)
0 0.300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Prospect Area
Residual Anomaly : High
Vertical Gradient : Low
D
 PUSTAKA
REFERENCES
1. Calvert, Rodney; 2008: Insights and Methods for Reservoir 4D
Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization; Distinguished Instructor
Series, No. 8. SEG & EAGE.

2. Eko Widianto, 2008: Penentuan Konfigurasi Struktur Batuan Dasar dan

Jenis Cakungan dengan Data Gayaberat, serta Implikasinya pada
Target Eksplorasi Minyak dan Gasbumi di Pulau Jawa (Disertasi S3,
ITB)

3. Gibson, R. I. (1998): Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Exploration: A

Historical Perspective, in Gibson, R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic
Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case Histories; SEG
Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No.
43; Published Jointly by SEG and AAPG, Tulsa, USA.

4. Magoon, L.B.; Dow, W.G., 1994: The Petroleum System From Source
to Trap; AAPG Memoir 60; Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.