Essential Mathematics for Economics and Business, 4 th Edition

CHAPTER 4 : QUADRATICS.

John Wiley and Sons 2013

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 Worked Example 4.1 Solving quadratic equations
ax2= 0; ax2+ c = 0; ax2 + bx = 0.
Worked Example 4.2 Solving quadratic equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Worked Examples 4.3 Graphs of simple quadratic functions
y = x2
Worked Example 4.4 Comparing graphs of quadratic functions.

Worked Examples 4.5 Horizontal and vertical translations

Worked Examples 4.6 Graphs of quadratic functions

y = ax2 + bx + c
Plus other examples on characteristics of quadratic functions.

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 Worked Example 4.1
Solving less general quadratic equations
(a) Solve 5x2 = 0
5x2 = 0
x2 = 0/5 = 0
x2 = 0
x=0
..a repeated real root (or solution)
x = 0 and x = 0

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 Worked Example 4.1
Solving less general quadratic equations
(b) 2x2 32 = 0
2x2 = 32
x2 = 16
x=4

.. two real roots (or solutions)

x = - 4, x = 4

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 Worked Example 4.1
Solving less general quadratic equations
(c) 2x2 + 32 = 0
2x2 = - 32
x2 = (-16)
x = 4i

..two imaginary roots (or solutions)

x = - 4i, x = 4i

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 Worked Example 4.1
Solving less general quadratic equations
You loose a solution
(d) 2x2 - 32x = 0 if you divide both
sides by x
Factor x (2x -32) = 0
the LHS
x = 0 and/or 2x 32 = 0
x = 0 and/or 2x = 32
x = 0 and/or x = 16
.two real roots (or solutions)
x = 0 and x = 16

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 Find the roots of any quadratic equation
using the Quadratic or -b formula
To find the roots of any quadratic equation,
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1. State the values of a, b and c
2. Substitute the values of a, b and c (signs included !) into the
quadratic or -b formula

(b) (b) 2 4(a )(c)

x
2( a )

3. Simplify and solve for x.

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 Worked Example 4.2
(a) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
The quadratic equation is x2 + 6x + 5 = 0

1. state the values of a, b and c: a = 1, b = 6, c = 5

2. Substitute the values of a, b and c (signs included !) into the -
b formula

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(5)

x
2(1)

3. Simplify and solve for x, as shown in the next slide .

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 Worked Example 4.2
(a) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 continued .
a = 1, b = 6, c = 5

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(5)

x
2(1)

(6) 36 20 (6) 16
x
2 2 64
x 5 Two
Two
2
roots
roots
(6) 4 xx == -5
-5
2 64 xx == -1
x 1 -1
2

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 Worked Example 4.2
(b) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
The quadratic equation is x2 + 6x + 9 = 0

1. state the values of a, b and c: a = 1, b = 6, c = 9

2. Substitute the values of a, b and c (signs included !) into the -
b formula

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(9)

x
2(1)

3. Simplify and solve for x, as shown in the next slide .

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 Worked Example 4.2
(b) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 continued .
a = 1, b = 6, c = 9
(6) (6) 2 4(1)(9)
x
2(1)

(6) 36 36 (6) 0
x
2 2 60
x 3 Repeated
Repeated
2
roots
roots
(6) 0 xx == -3
-3
2 60 xx == -3
x 3 -3
2

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 Worked Example 4.2
(c) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 10 = 0
The quadratic equation is x2 + 6x + 10 = 0

1. state the values of a, b and c: a = 1, b = 6, c = 10

2. Substitute the values of a, b and c (signs included !) into the -
b formula

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(10)

x
2(1)

3. Simplify and solve for x, as shown in the next slide .

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 Worked Example 4.2
(c) Find the roots of x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 continued .
a = 1, b = 6, c = 10

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(10)

x
2(1)
(6) 36 40 (6) 4 6 4(1)
x
2 2 2

6 2 1 6 2i
x 3i
2 2

x 3i x 3i

Complex
Complex roots
roots
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 Graphs of quadratics
The basic quadratic is y = x2 is U shaped

The quadratic, y = ax2 for a > 0.

. is wider than y = x2 when a < 1:

is narrower than y = x2 when a > 1:

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 Worked Example 4.3 (a)The basic quadratic, y = x2
Calculate a table of points
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y x2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16

Plot the points. Join in a smooth curve

Curve symmetrical
about y-axis
35 y

25

15

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x

Minimum at (0,0)
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 Worked Example 4.3: Sketch y x 2
and y x 2

Calculate the table of points for x = -3 to x = 3

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y ( x 2 ) -9 -4 -1 0 -1 -4 -9
10
yx 2
8
U-shaped curve 6
Symmetrical
4
about y-axis
Minimum at (0,0) 2 y x2
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-2
y= - x2 is the
-4 mirror image of
-6 y = x2
-8
through the
x-axis
-10

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 y 2x 2 and y 0.5 x
2
Worked Example 4.4 y ,x 2

Calculate the
-3 table of
-2 points-1for x = -3
0 to x = 13 2 3
y = x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y = 2x2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
y=0.5x2 4.5 2 0.5 0 0.5 2 4.5

Symmetrical 18

y x2 16 y = 2x2
14 narrower
about y-axis (steeper)
12
Minimum at (0,0) than
10
y = x2
y = 0.5x2 8

wider 6

than 4
y = x2 2

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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 Like Worked Example 4.5 y x,2 y x 2 2 and y x 2 3
Calculate`-3
the table-2of points-1for x = 0-3 to x =13 2 3
y = x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y =x2+2 11 6 3 2 3 6 11
y=x2-3 6 1 -2 -3 -2 1 6

y x2 12

Symmetrical 10 y = 2+x2
about y-axis is y = x2
8
Minimum at (0,0) translated
6 up by 2
4
units

2
y = x2-3 is
y = x2
-3 -2 -1
0
0 1 2 3
translated
-2 down by 3
units
-4

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 y , x 2 y ( x 1) 2and y ( x 2)
2
Worked Example 4.5
Calculate the-3table of points
-2 for -1
x = -3 to x0 = 3 1 2 3
y = x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y =(x+2)2 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
y=(x-1) 2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4

30 y = (x+2)2
y x2 is y = x2
Symmetrical 25 translated
about y-axis to the left
Minimum at (0,0) 20 by 2 units

15

y = (x-1)2
10
is y = x2
translated
5
to the right
0
by 1 unit
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

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 Properties of quadratic functions, illustrated graphically

The quadratic is a minimum type if a > 0

The quadratic is a maximum type if a < 0
The graph of any quadratic is symmetrical about the vertical line
drawn through its maximum or minimum point
The roots of the quadratic equation f(x) = 0 are at the points of
intersection of the graph y = f(x) with the x-axis
The roots are equidistant, from the x-coordinate of the maximum
or minimum point
These points are illustrated in Worked Example 4.6, for the
quadratic: y = 2x2 - 7x + 9

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 Worked Example 4.6: Plot the graph of y = 2x2 - 7x - 9

Calculate: y for values of x from x = -2 to x = 6. See (Table 4.3)

Plot the points and join them to give the graph in Figure 4.7.
y
60

50 y = 2x2 -7x - 9
40

30

20

10

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-10

-20

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Worked Example 4.6: Estimate the roots of 2x2 - 7x9 = 0 graphically

The points where the graph y = 2x2 - 7x - 9 crosses the x-axis

are the roots of 2x2 7x - 9 = 0.
Hence, from the graph, the roots of at x = -1 and x = 4.5
60
y = 2x2 -7x - 9
50

40

30

20
Root at
Root at
x = -1 10
x = 4.5
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-10

-20

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 Worked Example 4.6
(b) Find the roots of 2x2 - 7x - 9 = 0 algebraically

The quadratic equation is 2x2 - 7x - 9 = 0

a = 2, b = -7, c = -9
Substitute the values of a, b and c (signs included !) into
the -b formula

(7) (7) 2 4(2)(9)

x
2(2)

Simplify and solve for x, as shown in the next slide .

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 Find the roots of 2x2 - 7x - 9 = 0
using the -b formula

2x2 - 7x - 9 = 0
(7) (7) 2 4(2)( 9)
x
2(2)
7 49 72
x
4
7 121 7 11
x x 1 Root at
4 4 x = -1
7 11 and
x root at
4 7 11
x 4.5 x = 4.5
4
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 Worked Example 4.6: Find the minimum point for y = 2x2 - 7x - 9 = 0
The x-coordinate of the minimum point is mid-way between x = - 1 and x = 4.5
The distance (along the axis) between the roots is (4.5 (-1) ) = 5.5.
That is, (5.5/2) = 2.75 from root at x = -1 and a further 2.75 to the root at x = 4.5
Hence x = 1.75 at the minimum point (2.75 from either root)
y = 2x2 -7x - 9

60

50
x =1.75
x = -1 40

30
2.75 2.75
x = 4.5
20

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-10

-20
(1.75, - 17)
Minimum point

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 Worked Example 4.1 revisited, with graph.
Solving less general quadratic equations
(a) Solve 5x2 = 0 y 5x 2 140

120

5x2 = 0 100

80
x = 0/5 = 0
2
60

x2 = 0 40

20

x=0 -6 -4 -2
0
0 2 4 6

..a repeated real root (or solution)

x = 0 and x = 0

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 Worked Example 4.1 revisited with graph.
Solving less general quadratic equations
50

(b) 2x2 32 = 0 40

30

2x2 = 32 20

x2 = 16 10

0
x=4 -6 -4 -2
-10
0 2 4 6

two real roots (or solutions) -20

-30

-40

x = - 4, x = 4

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 Worked Example 4.1 revisited with graph.
Solving less general quadratic equations
120

(c) 2x + 32 = 0
2

2x2 = - 32
100

x2 = (-16) 80

x = 4i 60

40

..two imaginary roots (or solutions) 20

x = - 4i, x = 4i -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

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