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CONSTRUCTION
IV
STRUCTURAL STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.1.2 TWO-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems 4.1
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.1.3 THREE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems 4.1
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction 4.2 STEEL COLUMNS & b. Starred angles of two or four
Structural Steel Floor CONNECTIONS connected by batten plate
Framing Systems
spaced at intervals of 3 to 4ft.
Steel Columns & 4.2.1 TYPES OF STEEL These are used to support the
Connections 4.2
COLUMNS light loads.
Steel Beams &
Connections
Steel columns are of the
Open-Web Steel Joists
following types:
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.2.4 STEEL COLUMN CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
1. Column Bases
Steel Columns &
Connections 4.2
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
2. Column Splices
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction 4.3 STEEL BEAMS &
Structural Steel Floor CONNECTIONS
Framing Systems
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
B. SHEAR CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
AISC Type 2 Simple Frame connections are made to resist only shear
Steel Columns & and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or diagonal
Connections
bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure.
Steel Beams &
4.3
Connections
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
C. SEMI-RIGID CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
AISC Type 3 Semi-Rigid Frame connections assume beam and girder
Steel Columns & connections possess a limited but known moment resisting capacity.
Connections
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction 4.4 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
Open web joists are lightweight, shop fabricated steel members
Steel Columns & having a trussed web. A K series joist has a web consisting of a single
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bent bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower
Steel Beams & chords. The LH and DLH series joists have heavier web and chord
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members and are for increased loads and spans.
Open-Web Steel Joists 4.4
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction 4.5 METAL DECKING
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
Metal decking are corrugated steel panels used as a working platform
Steel Columns & during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete
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slab. The decking panels are secured with puddle-welds or shear
Steel Beams & welded through the decking to the supporting steel joists or beams.
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The panels are fastened to each other along their sides with screws,
Open-Web Steel Joists weld, or button punching standing seams. If the deck is to serve as a
Metal Decking 4.5
structural diaphragm and transfer lateral loads to shear walls, its
entire perimeter is welded to steel supports. In addition, more
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames
stringent requirements to support and side lap fastening may apply.
There are three major types of metal decking:
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.6 STEEL TRUSSES & RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
4.6.1 ROOF TRUSSES
Steel Columns &
Connections
TRUSSES. A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of
Steel Beams & straight members so arranged and fastened together that external loads
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applied to it will cause only direct stress in the members. The upper and
Open-Web Steel Joists lower members of a truss are called the top chord and bottom chord
Metal Decking respectively. The members of the truss which are framed between and
Steel Trusses & Rigid
join the top and bottom members are called web members.
Frames 4.6
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported at
Structural Steel Floor the ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower chord
Framing Systems
always in tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a beam.
Steel Columns & The web-members are subjected to stresses of either tension or
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compression. Web-members subjected to tensile stresses are called
Steel Beams & tension web-members; those which are subjected to compression are
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called compression web-members. In certain positions, a web-member
Open-Web Steel Joists may be subjected to tension through the action of a load applied at
Metal Decking one point, and when applied at another point that load may produce
compression in the member so that at one time it will be subjected to
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames 4.6 tension and at another time to compression. Such a member, designed
to resist either tension or compression, is called a counterbrace. A
Structural Steel Framing
Systems member of a truss system which acts only for a particular partial
loading, and which has a zero stress when the truss is completely
Steel Welding
loaded is called a counter.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together
Structural Steel Floor with its columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
Framing Systems
Steel Columns & The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called
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a joint or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints
Steel Beams & along either the top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel
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length. The quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member,
Open-Web Steel Joists is also referred to as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint
Metal Decking should always meet in a common point.
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames 4.6 The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the
supports and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and
Structural Steel Framing
Systems the line joining the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the
ratio of the rise to the span for a truss symmetrical about its center
Steel Welding
line. The slope of an inclined member is the tangent of the angle of
inclination with the horizontal, usually specified in inches rise per 12
run.
The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.6.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
A. RELATIVE TO THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE
Steel Columns & MEMBERS COMPOSING THE TRUSS
Connections
Steel Beams & 1. Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one
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which is made up of the minimum number of members required to
Open-Web Steel Joists provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative positions of
Metal Decking a given number of panel joints. If the number of panel points in the
given structure and n = the number of necessary members.
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames 4.6 n = 2p 3
Structural Steel Framing
Systems 2. Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less
than that required by the equation given above.
Steel Welding
4. Scissors
SCISSORS
5. Arched
CAMBERED
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
Steel Columns &
Connections
2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other
Steel Beams & joint not an end-joint.
Connections
Open-Web Steel Joists 3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.
Metal Decking
Panel Length
Peak
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames 4.6
Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace
Structural Steel Framing
Systems Top Chord
Slope
Steel Welding Heel Pitch
Web
PRATT
PETTIT
SCISSORS
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
Rigid frames consist of two columns and a beam or girder that are
Steel Columns & rigidly connected at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending
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and shear forces in all members of the frame since the rigid joints
Steel Beams & restrain the ends of the members from rotating freely. In addition,
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vertical loads cause a rigid frame to develop horizontal thrusts at its
Open-Web Steel Joists base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and rigid only in its plane.
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.7 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
4.7.1 ARRANGEMENT OF VERTICAL COMPONENTS
Steel Columns &
Connections
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.7.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
The framing system can be stiffened against horizontal forces in the
Steel Columns & following three (3) methods:
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Steel Beams & 1. The structure is composed of rigid frames which may comprise
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some hinged joints but there must be sufficient rigid joints to ensure
Open-Web Steel Joists that none of the nodes of the frame is free to move sideways. The
Metal Decking members may be straight or curved and a variety of shapes may be
chosen for such framed structure.
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of
Structural Steel Floor rolled sections will hold the joints together and further strengthen the
Framing Systems
framework against lateral loads. The center lines of members
Steel Columns & converging at a joint should intersect at one point. The joints
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themselves are conventionally assumed to be hinged, so that the
Steel Beams & members are either ties or struts, loaded purely in tension or
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compression, respectively. However, the overall bracing effect of a
Open-Web Steel Joists lattice system can be enhances by constructing it with tiff members
Metal Decking and rigid joints.
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms,
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems usually of reinforced concrete, transmit the wind and earthquake
forces by shear and bending.
Steel Columns &
Connections
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.7.3 The Ultimate Structures for Skyscrapers THE TUBULAR
Structural Steel Floor FRAME
Framing Systems
Steel Columns & The high-rise building conceived as a rigid tube ---
Connections
Steel Beams & If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan (circular,
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square, not too narrow a rectangle), the external columns can be
Open-Web Steel Joists structurally merged with the external lattice bracing or with spandrel
Metal Decking girders so as to form a vast rigid tube. This stiffening system is
particularly effective and economical. This is due not only to the
Steel Trusses & Rigid
Frames optimum distribution of the bracing, but also more particularly to the co-
operation of all the columns and bracing or spandrel girders in the
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
4.7 external walls.
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects:
Structural Steel Floor
Graham and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill)
Framing Systems employs the tube in its framing system. In this 335
Steel Columns &
m high 100-story building, all the horizontal forces
Connections are transmitted through external bracing, whereby
Steel Beams &
a substantial saving has been achieved in
Connections comparison with a bracing system located in the
Open-Web Steel Joists
interior. The external lattice members form a
distinctive architectural feature.
Metal Decking
Steel Welding
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.8 STEEL WELDING
Structural Steel Floor
Framing Systems
Welding has become fully accepted as a means of joining steel
Steel Columns & structural members in buildings because it has the inherent advantage
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of fusing the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying connections and
Steel Beams & fabricating operations.
Connections
Metal Decking
Metal Decking
Metal Decking