Mountain Aquifer

Mountain Aquifer:
Cradle to Grave Analysis
Glenna Anton
URBS/Geog 515: Race, Poverty & the Environment
Professor Raquel Pinderhughes, Urban Studies & Environmental Studies
Programs, San Francisco State University
Spring 2004
Public has permission to use the material herein, but only if author,
course, university, and professor are credited.
This presentation focuses on water of the
mountain aquifer in the West Bank.
The Mountain
Aquifer
Source: The United Nations University, 2004

This presentation is designed to follow the various stages that
mountain aquifer water in the West Bank goes through,
from its point of extraction to its disposal. It takes you
through the cradle to grave lifecycle of mountain aquifer
water, paying particular attention to the social,
environmental and public health impacts of the processes
associated with mountain aquifer water.
Wadi Qelt and Ein

Sultan, source: The
Great Mirror, 2004
We start by looking at how water is extracted from
the mountain aquifer. We then look at how it is
distributed to areas for domestic, agricultural and
industrial use. This is followed by an examination
of the agricultural and industrial processes in
which the water is used. Finally, we look at the
distribution of mountain aquifer water after it has
been used, to waste sites and waste processes it
undergoes.
Geography - land
Geographic Palestine
(Israel-Palestine), is
bordered by Lebanon in
the North, Syria and
Jordan in the East,
Egypt in the South and
the Mediterranean Sea
in the West. Its full area
amounts to a mere
27,024 (10,434 sq mi)
square kilometers
(Elmusa 1997: 17).
Source: Frontline, 2003.

In 1948 when control
over geographic
Palestine was
transferred from
Britain to the State
of Israel, it was
divided into Israel
proper, the West
Bank (5,545 sq km/
2,141 sq mi)
(Elmusa 1997).
Source: Applied Research Institute Jerusalem (ARIJ), 2004

and the Gaza Strip (365 sq km/ 141 sq mi).
Source: University of
Texas Library Map
Collection, 2004
Together, the West Bank
and Gaza Strip
constitute
approximately 22% of
geographic Palestine
(Elmusa 1997).
Source: Gush Shalom, 2004

Geography - Water
Israel-Palestine is classified
as subropical scrubland,
semidesert, and desert
(CSWSME 1999). Water
scarcity is a severe
problem in this hot, dry
region.
Northwestern Israel has a

cooler and wetter
Mediterranean climate and
the south is a dry desert.
Water scarcity is a severe
problem in this hot, dry
region.
Source: The Great Mirror, West Bank Southern Countryside, 2004.

Although the river basin
itself is one
hydrological unit, the
area it encompasses,
Israel, the Occupied
Territories and Jordan
is, economically,
culturally and politically
fragmented in many
different ways.
Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2004

Since 1948, the water of the Jordan basin, has
been a source of ongoing conflict between Israel
and the Arab riparians. However, scarcity alone
is not the cause of conflict over water.
As you will see, the structure of control over the

water supply - in this case the mountain aquifer -
plays a crucial role in the conflict over water
resources.
Mountain Aquifer
The mountain aquifer is a renewable aquifer that is
recharged by rainfall in the Mountains of the
West Bank (BTselem 1998).
It is one of the two main water sources in Israel-

Palestine. The other main source is the Jordan
River.
The reason for the significance of the mountain
aquifer is that it is the largest and highest quality
source of water for both Israelis and Palestinians.
It supplies Israelis with one-third of their water and

almost all of water used by Palestinians in the
West Bank comes from this aquifer (Btselem
1998).
The mountain aquifer
system is made up
of three different
aquifers:
1. The western
2. The
northeastern
3. The eastern
(Elmusa 1997)
Source: Palestininan Water Authority, 2004

Underneath the
ground, the water
of the mountain
aquifer flows east
and west into
reservoirs. From
these reservoirs,
the water is
extracted from
wells (Btselem
1998).
Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2004

Distribution & Control of Water
As a result of the 1967 war between Israel and its
Arab neighbors, Israel seized control of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip, which had previously been
under Jordanian and Egyptian authority
respectively.
The seizure of the West Bank gave Israel control
over bulk of the water in the mountain aquifer.
Through a series of abandoned property laws,
implemented by numerous military orders, Israel
seized control of an unknown number of
Palestinian wells that had been used for irrigation
(BTselem, 1998).
Abandoned property, you must understand,

could be land belonging to displaced refugees,
fallow land, Palestinian communal or religious
land, or even the land of people who have gone
on vacation (Hassoun 1998).
Impact of This History on
Distribution Today
Today, Israel uses one-third of the water from the mountain aquifer,
while the Palestinians rely almost entirely on the mountain aquifer for
their water.
This amounts to Israel using 80 to 200282% of mountain aquifer water,

while Palestinians use 18 to 20% (Shiva 2002).
The effect is that Palestinians have been forced to survive on the same
amount of water since 1967, regardless of population growth (Shiva
2002).
To provide context, the average Israeli uses four times as much water
as the average Palestinian, and the average Israeli settler eight times
as much (Seitz 2003).
Israeli settlements [in the West Bank] have community
swimming pools, flower gardens and broad expanses of
green lawn. About 140 Palestinian communities
meanwhile, have no running water at all (Trounsan
1999).
Uneven Distribution
West Bank Palestinians are using less than the
natural water recharge on their land. Therefore, it
will probably shock you to find out how dire the
situation is in terms of Palestinians access to
water.
the average Palestinian per capita water
use for domestic purposes reaches 30
m3/yearcompared to 100 m3/year in Israel.
Meanwhile, total per capita water use is
estimated at 140 m3/year in Palestine
compared to 580 m3/year in Israel
--Palestinian Hydrology Group, 2004
Public Water Tap, Jenin
Source: Palestinian Hydrology Group
Palestinians today face innumerable barriers and
restrictions in gaining access to water.
1. High price of up-to-date technical equipment

to dig and pump wells.
2. Dependence on Israeli middle-men, who attach

extra taxes and fees on technical equipment.
3. Palestinians must obtain permits from the

Israeli government to drill wells.
Restrictions on Drilling Wells
Imagine the frustration of having to pass eighteen

stages of approval in various departments of the Civil
Administration, Mekorot [Israels national water
corporation], the Water Planning Authority, and the
Ministry of Agriculture (Btselem 1998), just to obtain a
permit that is most often denied.
Of the 350 Palestinian wells in
operation in the West Bank
only twenty-three of them
(6.5%), have been drilled
since 1967. However,
many wells no longer
function because of
problems accessing up-to-
date drilling & pumping
equipment and because
Jewish settlements use of
water from Israeli wells
has caused Palestinian
wells located near
settlements to dry up.
Source: John Reese, Palestinian Well, 2003
(Btselem 1998)
Drilling Restrictions
When Palestinians are able to obtain permits, the
specified depth is often too shallow to produce
significant amounts of water.
In fact, the more plentiful lower Cenomanian

layer which also contains fresher water is most often
exploited for the benefit of Israeli settlers (Elmusa
1997: 90).
Overtime, overpumping of the lower layers of the aquifer

have led to increased salinity in many Palestinian
wells (Elmusa 1997:90).
Glenna Anton Spring 2004
A Case in Point
The limits on Palestinian drilling have led to cases,
such as the one in the Toubas area in
which, according to the head of the Palestinian
Water Authority, Fadl Qawash, there is only
one well for 50,000 people, which produces not
more than five litres per capita [daily] (Qawash
2003, quoted in Setiz 2003: 23).

Thus, it is only through artificially repressing
Palestinian water consumption, by prohibiting
Palestinians to drill wells on their soil, or limiting
Palestinian wells to 140 meters in depth, while
permitting Israelis to drill wells as deep as 800
meters (Shiva 2002) , that Israel can continue to
live at its current standards, especially in the
settlements, as I will demonstrate later.

Let me reiterate:
many Israeli settlements have community
swimming pools, flower gardens and broad
expanses of green lawn while about 140
Palestinian communitieshave no running
water at all . During droughts it is not
uncommon for Israel to cut water supply to the
West Bank in order to meet its own needs.
Source: above - Great Mirror, Israeli Settlement
Photo 10; right - Tanks? No. Tanks!, Nablus, 2004
Zionism & Agriculture
The State of Israel was established by early
Zionists whose core belief was that Jews had a
right to reclaim the land of Israel.
Early Zionists brought with them a European view

of progress that viewed the region as desolate
and in need of development.
Thus, they promoted self-sufficiency and a
romantic view of agriculture as representing the
soul of Israel (Berck & Lipow 1994). Spring 2004
Glenna Anton
Greening the Desert
Requires heavy use of
pesticides and fertilizers
Requires transporting
water from outside of the
Jordan River Valley to
drier areas in the south
This has had dire

consequences for the
ecology of the region and
for the Palestinians
access to their fair share
Source: kibbutz Ortal, 2004
of the water Glenna Anton Spring 2004
Cotton Farming in Israel
Cultivation of water greedy
cotton crops in an arid
environment is not very
sensible. Although Israel
uses treated wastewater for
growing cotton, that water
could be conserved and used
for other purposes.
Source: Beit Hashita Kibbutz, 2004

Judaizing the Land
Zionist ideology (the Jewish right to the land of
Israel) also involves establishing farmland in
areas that are primarily Arab. The point is to
undermine regional solidarity, thereby
maintaining control over the water and land of
these areas (Yiftachel1998). This, in addition to
greening the desert, is why Israel continues to
use the bulk of its water resources for agriculture
even though it only makes up a small percentage
of the GDP (Elmusa 1997).
Institutionalized Zionism
Today Israels water policies are guided by
deeply entrenched Zionism in its institutionalized
political framework.
The supreme authority for the formulation and
implementation of water policy in Israelis the
Minister of Agriculture, who is responsible for
setting norms and standards relating to water
quotas, quality, price, supply and use .
(Menahem, 1998)

Uses of Water
Agriculture
Although Israel is 92% urbanized, it uses 57% of its water for
agriculture (CWSME, 1999)
Israels subsidization of water for its agricultural sector

makes little sense when we realize that agriculture accounts
for <4% of the workforce and 3% of the GDP. (CWSME,
1999)

Palestinian Agriculture
Unlike Israels agricultural sector, Palestinian
agriculture plays a larger role in economic life,
justifying a larger allocation of water to
agriculture.
Agriculture constitutes approximately 33% of the

GDP and a similar percentage of the workforce.
Approximately 64% of water used by Palestinians
in the West Bank is for agriculture (Elmusa
1997).
Farmland - Jericho Valley
Source: Palestinian Hydrology Group, 2004

Before the Second Intifadha Palestinians benefited
from Israels subsidization of agriculture. The
reason is because the two economies are co-
dependent. Thus, Palestinian farmers could sell
their products at the same high prices as Israeli
farmers to Israeli markets (Berck and Lipow,
1994).

Military & Economic Reasons
for Preeminent Role of
Agriculture in Palestinian Society
1) Fear that Israelis will starve Palestinians into
submission.
2) Agriculture is one of the sectors in which Palestinians
can exercise economic control and act as
entrepreneurs. Industrial development has been
hampered by political uncertainty and by policies
pursued by Israeli administrators.
3) ... few Palestinians hold a formal title to the land or
water they useland that is not actively tilled and
water that is not consumed can be subject to
expropriation. (Berck & Lipow 1994)
Contaminated Wells
Since the late 1970s, Palestinian farmers have
increasingly adopted modern technological
farming methods (Elmusa 1995).
Today pesticides make up almost 40% of the
budget of local farmers. These pesticides
invariably accumulate in aquifers. Once this
happens, it is very difficult to reverse.
They usually purchase these pesticides,
fertilizers and other agricultural inputs from Israeli
suppliers who attach extra taxes and fees (Bizreit
University). Glenna Anton Spring 2004
Pesticide Use in Jericho
Source: Applied Research Institute Jerusalem (ARIJ)

Suppliers Are Guilty of Neglect!
The irresponsibility of the pesticide suppliers is
evidenced by the lack of instruction they offer to
farmers who, according to Sansur, "really have
no knowledge of what they are dealing with."
This, coupled with the fact that labeling is often in
Hebrew, has led many into a mentality that, "if
one drop per litre of water is good, ten drops is
better (Bizreit University)
Many of these pesticides have been banned in
industrialized nations, including Israel.
Health Impacts from
Water Contamination
Maan Development Centre found that a large
percentage of the most dangerous pesticides in
the West Bank and Gaza caused cancer (blood
cancer, lungs cancer, lymphatic, brain cancer,
bone cancer) in addition to neurotic diseases and
other mal-figurations and miscarriages
http://www.maan-ctr.org/WhatsNew/index.html

What is clear is that the disproportional amount of
water allocated to agriculture in the region makes
little economic or geographic sense.

Palestinian Industry
Source:
The Palestinian economy is de-industrialized. Palestinian
Hydrology
Group
Israels control over borders and roads as well as the

numerous checkpoints and Israeli settlements that
dot the West Bank create a non-contiguous
Palestinian territory. Not only does Israels policy
steadily diminish land that belongs to, but it also
prevents smooth circulation of commodities, access
to markets and it cuts Palestinians off from
developing economic relationships with any other
state besides Israel (Hanieh 2002).

Palestinian Bantustans in the
West Bank
These brown areas
are the only areas
under full Palestinian
control
X Areas of confrontation between Israeli forces
and Palestinian demonstrators
. Areas where the Palestinian Authority is only

responsible
for social and civil services
Israeli settlements
Nature reserves Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Source: Palestine Monitor
Economic Dependency
The purpose of this policy is to make the
Palestinian economy completely integrated into
and dependent on the Israeli economy through
expropriating land in the West Bank and
forcing Palestinians intocantons (Hanieh
2002: 39).

Low-wage Workers
This process is compounded by Israels recent move
toward importing foreign, low-wage workers from
places such as Thailand and the Philippines in place
of hiring Palestinians workers.
This has meant that the Palestinian working-class,
which was created through the forced dispossession
from farmland in 1948, has become a tap that can
be turned on and off depending on the economic
and political situation (Hanieh 2002: 35). De-
development is thus has undermined development of
an industrial sector in the West Bank.
How does water figure into de-development?
Notice the 1400% gap in water used in industry

There is simply not enough water available to have a viable
industrial sector.
Annual Water Consumption per Person in Cubic Meters, Israelis and West
Bank Palestinians, 1996
Palestinians* Israelis** Gap (percentage)
Total consumption 84.6 357 322
Agriculture 56.5 228 303
Household use 26.5 105 296
Industry*** 1.6 24 1400
Source: BTselem 1998

Technological Dependency
De-development also affects the agricultural
sector.
The super-green revolution which involves the
use of drip irrigation and other water efficient
forms of irrigation have transformed the Jordan
Valley, in the West Bank (Elmusa 1995).

DRIP IRRIGATION
JORDAN VALLEY, ISRAEL
YARMUCH RIVER - RESERVOIR,
Source: Jordan Valley Website
Super-green Revolution
The technologies, while water efficient, pose
problems for West Bank farmers by increasing
their dependence on western technologies.
They have had a limited impact because of their
high capital costs and the unpredictability of
export markets.
Most importantly, the new technology is suited
not to the capabilities of small farmers or to their
need to cultivate staple crops. Thus, they do not
benefit the bulk of the farmers in the region
(Elmusa 1995).
The important point you must understand is that
for the Palestinians agriculture is their most
viable economic base
But for the Israelis, the water is not an economic

necessity. Most of the water from the mountain
aquifer goes to the settlements.

Settlements are a big source of conflict and are
illegal under international law, which prohibits an
citizens of an occupying country from living in
the occupied area.

Water:
From Wells to Destination

Technology
There are several ways that water gets from
wells to homes and agricultural land.
1) Through a piping network
2) From water tanks
3) From cisterns and pools

How the Piping Network Works
Water comes from wells
and that are pumped into
a piping network. There
are valves at every
junction of the network
that open and close.
When people turn on and
off the faucet they are
actually manually opening
the valve that lets the
water come out.
Source: The Scientific
Visualization Group
One half of the
piping network is
controlled by Israel;
the other half is
controlled by the
Palestinian
Authority.
Palestinians who get
their water from the
Israeli network suffer
from intermittent
service because
Israelis turn their
water off during
droughts and
political turmoil.
Case in Point
In 1984 the village of al-Rujayb reportedly paid
JD1,000 (or about $3,000) and the subscribers
JD35 each in order to get hooked up with
Mekorots (Israeli National Water Carrier)
mainline. In May 1989, however, water ceased to
reach the houses built on higher elevations; then
the cutoff expanded to other areas until by
December the entire village was without piped
water (Elmusa 1997: 115).

Piping Network Statistics
The piping network supplies 60% of Palestinian
household with water.
36% have adequate piping networks.
42% must contend with leaky pipes.
22% have bad networks

-- Palestinian Hydrology GroupGlenna Anton Spring 2004
Even though Israel supplies half of Palestinian
households that are connected to the network
with water, since 1993, Israel ...has spent less
on services in the West Bank and Gaza than it
has taken from them in tax. (Wilkinson, 2002)
A large part of the problem is that, to update

infrastructure, Palestinian municipalities have to
deal with arbitrary and bureaucratic obstacles
enforced by the Israeli government.

Water tanker, Jenin --
Water Tankers November 2002
Source: Palestinian Hydrology
Group
Many communities rely
on water tankers,
because of Israels
restrictions on
development of new
sources and
disproportionate use of
wells.
Most of the water
tankers get their water
from Israels National
Water Carrier
(Mekorot).
Problems for Water Tankers
High price of water - as of
September 2002, 75% of
the Palestinian population
lives under poverty line
($2/day) (Palestinian
Hydrology Group)
Harassment at the
Mekorot connection
Tanker drivers must risk

their lives to go out of their
area to get water. The Water tanker at checkpoint
biggest problem for them Source: John Reese
is attacks by Israeli Glenna Anton
Photographs Spring 2004
settlers.-- Palestinian Hydrology Group
A Case in Point
Tanker carrying water for Beit Furik & Beit
Dajan villages in the West Bank:
the tanker convoy had been fired on by settlers when
one of the tankers broke down near the settlement
entrance. While the drivers took cover at the DCO,
about 400 meters away, settlers managed to unbolt
and remove the water pump from the broken-down
tanker. The soldiers at the DCO were quite
sympathetic, the driver said, but they had not got the
pump back (Wilkinson 2002)

Waits at any of dozens of fixed and
When drivers finally mobile Israeli military checkpoints
manage to fill the tankers, can last for hours, often delay the
arrival of much-needed water
they must contend with an tankers, and artificially raise the
price of those tankers water.
overwhelming number of
checkpoints and road
blockages.
Tankers themselves are
not always sterile,
because of lack of water
for cleaning.
To make matters worse, it
is not uncommon for
unsterilized tankers to be
kept waiting for hours in Glenna Anton Spring 2004
the sun. (Wilkinson)
Source: John Reese Photographs,
Cistern, 2003
Cisterns and Pools

Cisterns are water storage reservoirs that
people dig either into rock or into soft earth.
Cisterns store water from springs, water
tankers, rooftops and other sources (Elmusa
1997).
Cistern coverage, 615 of 708 West Bank
communities:
20% (122 communities) < 5%
32% (193 communities) between 5 and 50%
37% (223 communities) have between 50 and
95%
11% (68 communities have 95%-- Palestinian
Glenna Anton SpringHyd.
2004Group
Palestinians
filling a cisterm
with water from
a tanker.
---Photo:
B'Tselem, 1998

Impacts

Impacts of Disparities
Livelihood
Palestinians are unable to irrigate their
farms, yet agriculture is their key
economic base. There has been no
industrial development in the West Bank
for many reasons, including lack of water.
Source: John
Reese Photos,
Glenna Anton Palestinian
Spring 2004
farmland
Impacts of Disparities
Dirty water storage container--Rantis Village,
Health West Bank
Over-extraction has Photo: Palestinian Hydrology Group
caused salinity in
many wells
Inadequate sewage
systems has led to
contamination of
wells.
In some places
people have resorted
to using dirty water .

Case in Point
Btselem:
Such extreme water shortages have created a colossal
public health disaster throughout the West Bank.
There are sharp increases in dehydration, digestive
diseases, amoebic infections and diarrhea. Children
are particularly vulnerable. One hospital in Hebron,
for example, reported a case in which a breast
feeding mother brought in her baby who was
suffering from dehydration. The mother had not been
drinking enough water. Without adequate amounts of
water people cannot clean utensils, bottles, cisterns
and tanks properly (BTselem 1998).
Case in Point
In some places people have resorted to pumping water
from dirty wells. In others they use stagnant water to
wash with. In one village Beit Dajan - for example,
Reporter Talal Jabari , observed some
residentshave started putting ladders into their
cisterns to draw what little stagnant water
remains(Jabari 2002). Stagnant water is an ideal
habitat for bugs and snails that spread disease .

Case in Point
Hospitals are unable to deal with the increase in water-
related diseases. Even before the Intifidha hospitals
could not access adequate amounts of water. In
September 1998, for example, the largest hospital in
Hebron was reduced to digging a cistern to store
water that it purchased from water tankers. On a few
occasions the previous summer it had no water at all.
This, explained the director, prohibited the hospital
from operating the dialysis machines. More than
ten patients were in dialysis at the time (bTselem
1998)
Testimony of Mahmud Bashir Rahed Dawik,
a physician at al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron
In the winter, when there is no water problem, we

customarily change the sheets every eight hours.
Now we do it only every twelve hours, except, of
course, where there are blood stains or where
the patient really dirtied the sheet. The hospital
does not have enough water for laundering, and
we often have to wait to do the laundry until the
water tankers arrive. The bathrooms do not have
any running water at all. The hospital does not
have enough water to wash the patients.(BTselm 1998)
Impacts of
Current Political Turmoil
Intifadha
The Second Intifadha began in 2000. Ultimately, it
is the Palestinian uprising against ongoing Israeli
domination and control.
Israels response to the Intifadha has had dire

consequences for Palestinian access to water

Destruction of Pipes
Water pipe destroyed by Israeli Destroyed water pipe
tank
Source: John Reese
--Source: Palestinian Hydrology
Group

The Separation Wall
A separation wall is currently being built along the

eastern border of the West Bank. Israel calls it a
security fence, but many believe that it is actually
an attempt to create a new eastern border.
--It cuts juts far into the West Bank. Significantly

diminishing Palestinian land.
Glenna Anton Source: John Reese

Spring 2004
Photos
So far, at least 32 Palestinian
wells, numerous olive
groves and agricultural
land has been confiscated
in the process of building
the security fence and of wells
Confiscation
this is only the beginning
stages of construction --
Palestinian Hydrology Group.
The fence separates many

Palestinian villages (on the
eastern side of the fence)
from their wells and
farmland (on the western
side).
Source: Gush
Shalom
The Wall Structural Terror: The construction continues - Qalandya
Palestinian Hydrology Group Source: Middle East Report
reports that wells on the
opposite side of the fence
are located in the
Western Groundwater
Basin and were drilled
prior to 1967. As a result,
Palestinians will loose
nearly 18% of their share
of the Western
Groundwater Basin
(Palestinian Hyd. Group). For many
villages, that is their only

water sources.
Conclusion
This cradle to grave analysis of water from the
mountain aquifer calls into to question the
existing racial, and class inequalities in Israel-
Palestine in light of the values of equality,
rationality and sustainability.

Only by recognizing that current structure of control
over water from the mountain aquifer, can we
recognize that adoption of more water-efficient
technologies by Palestinians and more equitiable
distribution of water resources cannot occur
without simultaneous political and economic
restructuring in the region. Most importantly, of
course, this restructuring would involve a
complete end to the Israeli occupation of the
West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
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SpringSpraying
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Mountain Aquifer

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Mountain Aquifer:

Cradle to Grave Analysis

Source: The United Nations University, 2004

Wadi Qelt and Ein

Source: Frontline, 2003.

Source: Applied Research Institute Jerusalem (ARIJ), 2004

Source: Gush Shalom, 2004

Northwestern Israel has a

Source: The Great Mirror, West Bank Southern Countryside, 2004.

Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2004

As you will see, the structure of control over the

It is one of the two main water sources in Israel-

It supplies Israelis with one-third of their water and

Source: Palestininan Water Authority, 2004

Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2004

Abandoned property, you must understand,

This amounts to Israel using 80 to 200282% of mountain aquifer water,

1. High price of up-to-date technical equipment

2. Dependence on Israeli middle-men, who attach

3. Palestinians must obtain permits from the

Imagine the frustration of having to pass eighteen

In fact, the more plentiful lower Cenomanian

Overtime, overpumping of the lower layers of the aquifer

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Early Zionists brought with them a European view

This has had dire

Source: Beit Hashita Kibbutz, 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Israels subsidization of water for its agricultural sector

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Agriculture constitutes approximately 33% of the

Source: Palestinian Hydrology Group

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Source: Applied Research Institute Jerusalem (ARIJ)

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Israels control over borders and roads as well as the

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

and Palestinian demonstrators

. Areas where the Palestinian Authority is only

for social and civil services

Nature reserves Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Notice the 1400% gap in water used in industry

Source: BTselem 1998

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

But for the Israelis, the water is not an economic

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

36% have adequate piping networks.

42% must contend with leaky pipes.

22% have bad networks

A large part of the problem is that, to update

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Tanker drivers must risk

Glenna Anton Spring 2004

Cisterns and Pools

Glenna Anton Spring 2004