= number of turns in coil = time for flux to charge by maxwell
E = 108 1/4 = 4 108 volts where = frequency, cps In the previous equation, 1/4f is substituted for t because the flux changes from zero to in 1/4f sec. Now then since for a sine wave the effective voltage E is equal to 1.11 times the average voltage E ,
= 1.11 E = 4.44 108 volts
That is the general transformer equation and applies equally to the primary and secondary induced voltages. Thus E = 4.44 108 volts E = 4.44 108 volts where = number of primary turns = number of secondary turns Example 1. The 2,300-volt primary winding of a 60-cycle transformer has 4,800 turns. Calculate: (a) the mutual flux ; (b) the number of turns in the 230-volt secondary winding. Example 2. The maximum flux in the core of a 60-cycle transformer has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns is 3.76 106 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced voltages. Voltage and Current Ratios in Transformers. Referring to the previous equations, E and E , it is clear that the volts per turn is exactly the same for both the primary and secondary windings because each equals 4.44 108 . This indicates that, in any transformer, the primary and secndary induced vltages are related to each other by the ratio of the number of primary and secondary turns. Thus E N = E N Example 3. The secondary winding of a 4,600/230-volt transformer has 36 turns. How many turns are there in the primary winding? Example 4. The volts per turn in a 25-cycle 2,400/230-volt transformer is 8. Calculate: (a) the primary and secondary turns; (b) the minimum flux in the core. Static transformers are extremely efficient because the only losses are those that occur in the copper windings (2 losses) and the iron (hysteresis and eddy-current losses); there are no losses resulting from rotation, such as are present in rotating machines. If the input to a transformer is assumed to equal the output of a transformer (efficiency = 100 percent) and the voltage drops are considered negligible, then E I PF = E I PF It is generally true that the secondary load power factor PF is practically equal t the primary input power factor PF . Therefore E I = E I E I This shoes that = E I N I and = N I That is, the voltage ratio E : E and the turn ratio N : N are both proportional to the inverse current ratio I : I . Example 5. The secondary load current of a 2,300/115-volt transformer is 46 amp. Calculate the primary current. Example 6. The primary and secondary currents of a transformer were measured and found to be 3.8 and 152 amp, respectively. If the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?