Afel 5 Consolidation Sett Final

ADVANCED FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING LECTURES
For M. Sc. Course
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shaker Al Shakerchy

Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering / University of Kufa
mohammedsh.alshakarchi@uokufa.edu.iq
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
LECTURES
M. Sc. Course
SOIL COMPRESSION
PART II: CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING SOIL COMPRESSION
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

The main items in this lecture are:

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
4 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

Settlement

INTRODUCTION
The consolidation is the

gradual reduction in volume of a
fully saturated soil of low
coefficient of permeability due to
the dissipation of the excess pore
water pressure.
The amount of settlement which
occurs in a given time depends
on the
1.permeability of the soil
2.length of the drainage path
3.compressibility of the soil
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
THEORY
Main assumptions of the theory: -
The total stress on the element is assumed to remain
constant.
The coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) is assumed
to be constant.
The coefficient of permeability (k) for vertical flow is
assumed to be constant.

THE OEDOMETER TEST
Vertical static load increments

are applied at regular time
intervals (e.g. 12, 24, 48 hr.). The
load is doubled with each
increment up to the required
maximum (e.g. 25, 50, 100, 200,
400, 800 kPa). During each load
stage thickness changes are
recorded against time.

THE OEDOMETER TEST
A plot of settlement DH1 s3

against time for each
Settlement
stage of the test, the DH2
s2
rate of settlement may

DH3 s1
be predicted, as in
Figure below.
v w H w .A H w
e
vs H s .A H s Time
DH
De
Hs
THE OEDOMETER TEST
: Coefficient of Compressibility (av)
(e o e1) De
av
(s 1 s o ) Ds
from typical plot of (e-s): av in (cm2/kg)

Coefficient of Volume Change (mv):
1 dv 1 dH 1 DH
mv . . .
v ds H ds H D s

1
mv is volume change per unit volume per
unit increase in s (m2/kN).
mv av
1 eo
THE OEDOMETER TEST
Compression Index (Cc):
from e - log(s) : -
e1 e 2 e1 e2
Cc
log s 2 log s 1 log s 2
s
1
Expansion Index (Ce) or Unloading

Index (Cr):
De
Cr Ce
D log s
Notes: -
The empirical correlation between (L.L. & Cc),
Cc = 0.009 (L.L.-10)
The empirical correlation between (Cc & Cr), Cr = 0.1 Cc
TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT
If mv and Ds assumed constant with depth, then: -
Sc m v . D s . H
e o e1
OR Sc .H
1 eo
Cc sf
OR Sc . H . log Where s f = s o + Ds
1 eo so

Example 1: if the initial void ratio of a clay is eo = 0.9 at initial pressure
s o=95.8 kN/m2, and the compression index of that soil is equal
(Cc)=0.052, H=4 m thick, L.L.=42 %. If the clay layer is loaded with
infinite load of Ds =287.5 kN/m2, calculate the amount of total
settlement of the clay.
Cc sf
Sc . H . log
1 eo so
0.052 95.8 287.5

4 log 0.066 m
1 0.9 95.8

Example 2: for the soil profile shown in the figure, fill was applied on
the natural ground level. Find the total consolidation settlement.
Cc sf
Sc . H . log
s
g = 15 kN/m3, H = 3.5 m
1 eo o
1m Sand, g=14 kN/m3 W.T.
s0= 14*1+(17-10)*3+(19.5-10)*3.5/2
= 51.625
3m Sand
g=17 kN/m3
Ds= 15*3.5
=52.5 Clay
3.5 g=19.5 kN/m3, eo=0.9, Cc=0.2,
m Cr=0.02, Cv=0.5 m2/year
= Sc0.112256 m Sand


PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE (s c or Pc)
s c s o : Normally Consolidated Clay (N.C.)
s c s o : Pre-consolidated Clay (Over-Consolidated, O.C.)
s c s o Under Consolidation:
Rc = OCR = s c s o Over-Consolidation Ratio

General Cases of Settlement Calculation with Pc: -
1. when s c s o
Cc .H s o D s
Sc . log
1 eo s o

2. when s c s o
there are two cases: -
a. when
s f s c
Cr .H s c Cc.H s c Ds
Sc . log . log
1 eo s o 1 e o s c

b. when
s f s c
Cr .H s f
Sc . log
1 eo s o


Ex: 3- for the same Ex. 2, find the total settlement if the clay had
been pre-consolidated to an average pressure of 300 kN/m 2.
s o = 51.625 kN/m2
s c = 300 kN/m2
s f = 51.625+52.5 = 104.125 kN/m2
sc > so
Cr .H s f
Sc . log

1 eo
so

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)
Terzaghi's Solution
The general solution is obtained for an overall
(average) degree of consolidation (Uav) using
non-dimensional factors.
Settlement at any Time

Average Degree of Consolidation (Uav)
Total Consolidation Sett . ( Final )

(Uav) versus time factor (Tv)

Uave, % 50 60 70 80 90
Tv 0.197 0.287 0.403 0.567 0.848
When Ut < 0.6, use Tv = (p/4 ).U2

When Ut > 0.6, use:
Tv = 1.781 0.933. Log (100 U)

Time Factor (Tv):
1. An open layer, a permeable layer both above and below (d = H/2)

2. A half-closed layer, a permeable layer either above or below (d = H)
3. Vertical sand drains, horizontal drainage (d = L/2).


Example 4: for the information of Ex. 2, find the settlement six months
after fill application.
Total Sc=
Find U at six months use figure or equations
Tv = (Cv.t/d2)
Tv = (0.5*0.5/1.752) =
From figure, U =
Sc time
U 100
Sc total
Sc6 months = U * Sctotal =


Example 5: A 5m thick saturated soil stratum has a compression index of 0.25
and coefficient of permeability 3.2x10-3 mm/sec. if the void ration is 1.9 at
vertical stress of 0.15 N/mm2, compute the void ratio when the vertical stress is
increased to 0.2 N/mm2. Also calculate settlement due to above stress increase
and time required for 50% consolidation.
SOL. (Cc=(eo-e1)/(logs1-logso),
e1=1.869,
Sc=53.8mm,
Tv = 0.196,
mv=(eo-e1)/(1+eo).1/(s1-so)= 0.214 mm2/N,
Cv=k/(mv.gw) = 1524 mm2/sec,
t= 53.58 min.)
For the cases of non

uniform initial excess pore
pressure, for finite loading,
the average degree of
consolidation is
determining from figure (3)
as shown below, each
curve represent some
cases of initial excess pore
pressure as in table below.

Solution Using Parabolic Isochrones

(Consolidation + Time + Depth)
The following non-dimensional factors are used in order to obtain a solution: -
Degree of consolidation at depth z ue

Uz 1
ui
Time factor
Drainage path ratio


2- For soil profile shown in figure below . A clay layer whose total consolidation settlement
under a given fill is expected to be 20 cm. Find the excess pore water pressure and effective
stress (due to fill) at points A,B,C and D for cases
i. Immediately after application of the fill.
ii. After 20 months of fill application .If the consolidation settlement after 2 months is 4
cm.
iii. After final consolidation was achieved.

SECONDARY COMPRESSION OR CREEP
In some soils (especially recent

organic soils) one-dimensional
compression continues under
constant loading after all of the
excess pore pressure has
dissipated, i.e. after primary
consolidation has ceased - this is
called secondary compression or
creep.

SUITABLE NO. OF CLAY LAYER SUB DIVISIONS TO ESTIMATE MAXIMUM

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

Afel 5 Consolidation Sett Final

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ADVANCED FOUNDATION

Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shaker Al Shakerchy

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

The main items in this lecture are:

4 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

The consolidation is the

7 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

Vertical static load increments

8 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

A plot of settlement DH1 s3

rate of settlement may

from typical plot of (e-s): av in (cm2/kg)

Expansion Index (Ce) or Unloading

If mv and Ds assumed constant with depth, then: -

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

0.052 95.8 287.5

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

14 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

s c s o : Normally Consolidated Clay (N.C.)

s c s o : Pre-consolidated Clay (Over-Consolidated, O.C.)

Rc = OCR = s c s o Over-Consolidation Ratio

15 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

General Cases of Settlement Calculation with Pc: -

16 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

General Cases of Settlement Calculation with Pc: -

17 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

General Cases of Settlement Calculation with Pc: -

18 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

TOTAL CONSOLIDATION SETLEMENT

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

Settlement at any Time

20 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

(Uav) versus time factor (Tv)

When Ut < 0.6, use Tv = (p/4 ).U2

21 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

Time Factor (Tv):

1. An open layer, a permeable layer both above and below (d = H/2)

22 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

23 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

For the cases of non

25 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

Solution Using Parabolic Isochrones

Degree of consolidation at depth z ue

Drainage path ratio

26 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

27 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION (TIME-RATE)

28 ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SECONDARY COMPRESSION OR CREEP

In some soils (especially recent