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Molecular Structure
(Chapter 9)
- NON-DIRECTIONAL bonding
via Coulomb (charge) interaction
Br Br
18, 20 Oct 97 Bonding and Structure 4
8A
1A
Valence Electrons
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
HA + HB HA HB
12
Three Pairs of Electrons
BF3
120
Trigonal planar
16
Bond Formation
A bond can result from a head-to-head overlap
of atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms.
H + Cl
H Cl
e.g.
F2
Energy is conserved, so
One orbital will be lower in energy
One orbital will be higher in energy
The Hydrogen Molecule
The Two Orbitals
s* Antibonding orbital
Very little electron density between the nuclei
Higher in energy
Destabilizes bond formation
s Bonding orbital
Promotes bond formation
Electron density is between the nuclei
Lower in energy
Bonding and Antibonding Orbitals
MO Diagrams
H2 and He2
Complex MO Diagrams
Bond Order
In MO theory, bond
stability of a covalent Bond # of
bond is related to its Order bonds
bond order.
0 No bond
Bond order = ( # exists
bonding electrons - #
antibonding electrons) 1 Single
bond
Bond order can be an
integer or a fraction 2 Double
bond
3 Triple
bond
Calculate Bond Order for He2+
Compare bond orders