Introduction

Fiber Optical communication is based on PHOTONS of

light carrying information as contrast to electrons as in
conductive metallic systems.

14 15
Frequency Range used is 10 To 10 Hertz

Bandwidth offered in FO communication is very high

Large Information rates are possible

Wideband signal Transmission Expansion Capability

Low Channel costs

 Electric isolatoion
No Crosstalk
No tapping
Repeater separation increased
Less strain on receiver design
Reliability and Secrecy improved
Space and weight saved
Installation is easy
Free from corrosion
No effect of moisture
No effect of nuclear radiation and lightning
 Ground loop is absent, no effect of short circuit
Conducted noise is not picked up
Silica that makes up the Fiber is an abundant natural resource
What is an Optical Fiber?

Optical fibers are dielectric waveguide structure

that are used to confine light and guide the light.
Optical fibers essentially consists of an inner
dielectric material of refractive index n1 called
core surrounded by another dielectric material of
lesser refractive index n2, where n2 < n1, called
cladding. Fibers are of cylindrical cross-section.
 core n1
Cladding n2

n1 > n2

Optical Fiber
 Normal line

Refracted
ray
n2 < n1

Material
boundary
Incident ray

Reflected
ray
Incident ray
OPTICAL FIBRE
CABLES
FIBRE OPTIC SYSTEM CONCEPTS

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

LIGHT
RECEIVER
SOURCE
OPTICAL FIBER
SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
 OPTICAL FIBRE
MULTIMODE (GRADED INDEX 50/125 & 62.5/125)
SINGLE MODE. (8.7/125)

MULTIMODE STEP INDEX

SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX

DISPERSION

MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX

AFTER ALL WHY FIBRE OPTICS ?

A MAJOR ATTRACTION OF OPTICAL FIBERS IS

THAT THEY CAN CARRY INFORMATION..

(a) AT HIGH SPEEDS AND

(b) OVER VERY LONG DISTANCES.
MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE
OPTICS
LARGE BANDWIDTH

LOW LOSS

EMI IMMUNITY

COMPACT & LIGHTWEIGHT

SECURITY

SAFETY
 LARGE BANDWIDTH
POTENTIALLY UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
CARRIER FREQUENCY OF LIGHT IS 100,000 GHz,
BUT ONLY A MINUTE FRACTION (10-5) CAN BE
EXPLOITED WITH EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES.

2.488 Gb SYS. FROM NTT IN OPERATION IN JAPAN

80 KM REPEATER & 32,256 CHANNELS OF 64 KBPS
5 Gb SYS. 111 KM REPEATER LESS BY SIEMENS.

MAKES POSSIBLE WIDESPREAD LONG DISTANCE

` COMMUNICATION OF HIGH BANDWIDTH SIGNALS,
eg. COLOUR VIDEO & HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
 LOW LOSS

FIBRE MADE OF EXTREMELY PURE SILICA

TRANSPARENCY EQUIVALENT TO SEEING
CLEAR IMAGE THROUGH 3 MILE THICK
GLASS PLATE.

REPEATER SPACING OF OVER 100 KM

CONVENTIONAL TELECOM FOR 45 MBPS
USING CO-AX, 1.1 KM REPEATER SPACING.
FIBRE VERY ADVANTAGEOUS FOR LONG
DISTANCE COMMUNICATION OVER LAND
AND UNDER SEA.

LOSS (ATTENUATION) AS LOW AS 0.1 dB/km.

 EMI IMMUNITY
FIBRE IS PERFECT DIELECTRIC NOT AFFECTED BY
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE.
HIGH QUALITY NOISE FREE RECEPTION.
CAN BE USED IN HARSH/NOISY ENVIRONMENTS.
LIGHTNING
HT LINES
FACTORY/PLANT FLOOR WITH MOTORS,
WELDING,SWITCHING,INDUCTION FURNACES.
RAILWAY LINES WITH ELECTRIC TRACTION.
BROADCAST TOWERS.
ON BOARD COMMUNICATIONS SHIP, PLANE,
VEHICLES.
 COMPACT & LIGHTWEIGHT

SINGLE FIBRE CAN EASILY REPLACE 1000 PAIR

COPPER CABLE OF 10 CM DIAMETER.

GLASS FIBRE CONSIDERABLY LIGHTER THAN

COPPER.
 SECURITY

EXTREMELY SECURE COMMUNICATIONS.

NO RADIATION OF ENERGY CANNOT BE TAPPED.
LIGHT CARRYING PORTION VERY DIFFICULT
TO ACCESS SECRETLY.

ESSENTIAL FOR
DEFENCE ON BOARD COMMUNICATIONS,
INSIDE BUILDINGS.
BANKS SECURE NETWORKS
 SAFETY
EXTREMELY SAFE FOR HAZARDOUS
ENVIRONMENTS.
NO POSSIBILITY OF SPARKS OR SHORT CIRCUITS.

CAN BE USED IN
OIL EXPLORATION
OIL REFINERIES.
MINES
EXPLOSIVES
PETROCHEMICALS.
OTHER HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
 DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL
FIBRE CABLES

CONNECTORS VERY EXPENSIVE (DUE TO DEGREE

OF PRECISION INVOLVED).
CONNECTOR INSTALLATION TIME CONSUMING AND
HIGHLY SKILLED OPERATION.
JOINING (SPLICING) OF FIBRES REQUIRES
EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT AND SKILLED OPERATORS.
CONNECTORS & JOINTS ARE RELATIVELY LOSSY.
DIFFICULTY TO TAP IN & OUT (FOR BUS
ARCHITECTURES) - NEED EXPENSIVE COUPLERS.
RELATIVELY CAREFUL HANDLING REQUIRED
 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OF FIBER-OPTIC TRUCK
SYSTEMS WITH LASER SOURCES

GENERATION FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH

WAVELENGTH 850 NM 1300 NM 1300 NM 1550 NM
FIBER GRADED-INDEX GRADED-INDEX STEP-INDEX SINGLE MODE
MULTIMODE MULTIMODE SINGLE MODE STEP-INDEX OR
DISPERSION-
SHIFTED
DATA RATES 45 MBIT/S 90 MBIT/S 400 MBIT/S TO TO 2.5 GBITS/S
2.5 GBIT/S NOW; 10 GBIT/S
IN LAB
FIBER LOSS 3-4 dB/KM 1 dB/KM 0.35 dB/KM 0.25 dB/KM
SPACING 8 KM 20 KM 40-50 KM 80-100 KM
OF (THOUSANDS OF
REPEATER KM WITH
OPTICAL AMPS)
LIMITS LOSS, FIBER LOSS, FIBER LOSS, FIBER LOSS, SOURCE
BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH
CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRES

BASED ON MODE OF PROPAGATION

BASED ON THE REFRACTIVE INDEX

PROFILE

BASED ON THE MATERIAL USED

Optical Soures
LASER

LED
Optical Detectors
P-n Photodiodes
P-i-n Photodiodes
Avalanche Photodiodes
Optical transmission with LED light
Assignment - 2
Fiber Optics in Aircraft
Why?
Applications
Advantages

Submission : 10 Oct 17
Words : Minimum 1000