ELCIAN1

Lecture 02 Resistance
Elmer R. Magsino, MS EE

ELCIAN1 - p1
 Outline

Definition
Resistivity of Commonly-Used Conductors
Resistance as a Function of Temperature
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Inferred-Zero Resistance
Conductance

ELCIAN1 - p2
From Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku
Imagine this

ELCIAN1 - p3
Imagine this

ELCIAN1 - p4
Imagine this

ELCIAN1 - p5
Definition

In general, materials have a characteristic

behavior of resisting the flow of electric
charge (current).
Resistance
Ability to resist current
Symbol is R or r
Unit is in ohms ()
Resistors are physical model

Pictures from: http://theonlinetutorials.com/resistors.html ELCIAN1 - p6

http://gaussmarkov.net/wordpress/parts/resistors/resistors-description/
Definition
Resistance is defined as:

l
R
A
material resistivit y
l length
A cross - sectional Area

Ideal value of resistance should be zero!

ELCIAN1 - p7
Common Material Resistivity

ELCIAN1 - p8
 American Wire Gauge (AWG)
(Brown & Sharpe wire gauge)

Higher the number

Smaller the area
Higher resistance
0.001in 1mil
ELCIAN1 - p9
Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice by A. H. Robbins and W. Miller
 Temperature Effects

Temperature coefficient - rate at which the resistance of

a material changes with a variation in temperature ().
Positive temperature coefficient resistance increases
as temperature increases
Negative temperature coefficient resistance decreases
as temperature increases
ELCIAN1 - p10
Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice by A. H. Robbins and W. Miller
 Common Temperature Coefficients

ELCIAN1 - p11
Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice by A. H. Robbins and W. Miller
 Temperature Effects
m R R2 R1
1 , m
R1 T T2 T1
R R1 1
R1 2
T2 T1 1
1R1 T2 T1 R2 R1 R2

R1
R2 R1 1R1 T2 T1 T2 T T1 T
R2 R11 1 T2 T1 T2 T
R2 R1
T1 T

T = material dependent ELCIAN1 - p12

Temperature Effects
R2 R11 1 T2 T1
R2 resistance at tempera ture T2
R1 resistance at tempera ture T1
1 temperatur e coefficien t at T1

RT R0 1 0T
RT resistance at tempera ture T
R0 resistance at tempera ture T 0
0 temperatur e coefficien t at 0 temperaturELCIAN1
e - p13
Conductance (G)
Defined as the measure of a materials ability to
allow the flow of charge and is assigned the SI
unit the siemens (S).
A large conductance indicates that a material is
able to conduct current well
A low value of conductance indicates that a
material does not readily permit the flow of
charge.
1
G
R ELCIAN1 - p14
Problem Solving
A given material has a resistance of 20 at
room temperature (20C) and 25 at a
temperature of 85C.
Does the material have a positive or a negative
temperature coefficient? Explain briefly.
Determine the value of the temperature coefficient, , at
20C.
Assuming the resistance versus temperature function to
be linear, determine the expected resistance of the
material at 0C (the freezing point of water) and at
100C (the boiling point of water).
ELCIAN1 - p15
Problem Solving
An electrical device has a linear temperature
response. The device has a resistance of 120
at a temperature of 20C and a resistance of
190 at a temperature of 120C.
Calculate the resistance at a temperature of 0C.
Calculate the resistance at a temperature of 80C.
Determine the temperature intercept of the material.

An aluminum conductor has a resistance of 50

at room temperature. Find the resistance of the
same conductor at -30C, 0C, and at 200C.
ELCIAN1 - p16
Problem Solving
A 200-foot length of solid copper wire is
measured to have a resistance of 0.500 .
Determine the cross-sectional area of the wire in both
square mils and circular mils.
Determine the diameter of the wire in mils and in inches.
A spool of solid copper wire having a diameter of
0.040 inch is measured to have a resistance of
12.5 (at a temperature of 20C).
Determine the cross-sectional area in both square mils
and circular mils.
Calculate the length of the wire in feet.

ELCIAN1 - p17