Tension Members

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Structural Elements Subjected to Axial Tensile Forces

Trusses

Bracing for Buildings and Bridges

Cables in Suspension and Cable-Stayed Bridges

TENSION MEMBERS TYPES
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 TENSION MEMBERS TYPES
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Structural Shapes & Build Up Members

rigidity, small lateral loads, load reversal

Slenderness L/r > 300 AISC Spec D1

Does not apply to rods in tension
 Limit States
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STRENGTH

Failure at Main Body

Failure at Connection
etc
 TENSION MEMBERS - LIMIT STATES
AISC Specs Chapter D
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Failure at main body

if connection is strong enough

After yielding deformations become too large and member does not serve its
design purpose.
Failure at yielding
nominal strength Pn=FyAg
Fy = Yielding Strength, Ag = Gross Area
 TENSION MEMBERS - LIMIT STATES
AISC Specs Chapter D
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Failure at Connection
if connection is weak it will fracture

Failure at ultimate strength

nominal strength Pn=FuAe

Fu = Ultimate Strength, Ae = Effective Area
 Gross Area Specs D3.1 p 16.1.27
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Gross Area Ag:

Total Area of Main Body of Member
 Net Area Specs D3.2 p 16.1.27
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Net Area An :
Welded Connections An = Ag
Bolded Connections
An = Ag - Area of Holes
 Net Area
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Size of hole is larger than size of the bolt dh=db +1/16

Additional 1/16 of material is damaged during drilling or
punchning of holes (Commentary D3.2 p 16.1-250)
 Staggered Fasteners

Geometry Constraints

Space Limitations
Staggered Fasteners

Inclined Fracture Path

 Net Area - Effect of Staggered Holes
AISC Specs D3.1
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T T An wnt

s2
wn wg d
4g
p T Reduced diameter
T
g

s2
wn wg d
s g = gage 4g
s = spacing
Failure paths on net section
 Example
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11 holes

8/11 of load

Different failure lines may be subjected to different loads!

11 s2
wn wg d 18.91 wg 16
8 4g
Net Area - Gage Distance for an Angle

Unfold Angle and Visualize as a plate

 Net Area - Gage Distance for an Angle

For holes on different legs

g ga gb t
ga

gb
 Example

s 2
An Ag d
4 g
7 1
6.75 2 0.5 5.75 in 2
8 8
 Example

s 2
An Ag d 10
4 g An 5.363 5.959 in 2
9

6.75 0.51 0.51.0
1.5
2

0.51
4 2.5
5.363 in 2
 Example

s 2
An Ag d
4 g

6.75 0.51 0.51.0
1.5
2
1.5
2
1.5
2

0.51.0 0.51.0 0.51

4 2.5 4 4.75 43
5.015 in 2
Effective Net Area Specs D3.3 p 16.1.28

Ae=AU

A = Area that depends on type of connection

A=Ag for welded
A=An for bolted

U = shear lag coefficient (accounts for eccentricities)

 U Accounts for eccentricities

U AISC D3.3 Table D3.1

 Shear Lag Factor

1. General category for any type of tension member except plates and
round HSS with
2. Plates
3. Round HSS with l 1.3D
4. Alternative values for single angles
5. Alternative values for W,M,S and HP shapes
1. General category for any type of tension member
except plates and round HSS with l 1.3D

x
U 1
l

x Distance from centroid of connected area to the plane of the

connection

l Length of the connection

1. General category for any type of tension member
except plates and round HSS with l 1.3D
1. General category for any type of tension member
except plates and round HSS with l 1.3D
 2. Plates

U=1.0
since cross section has one element and it is connected

Special Cases
a. Longitudinal welds on sides only

U 1.0 l 2w
U 0.87 1.5w l 2 w
U 0.75 w l 1.5w
 2. Plates

U=1.0
since cross section has one element and it is connected

Special Cases
b. Transverse welds only (uncommon)

U 1.0
An net area of directly
connected members
3. Round HSS with l 1.3D
 4. Alternative values for single angles

2 or 3 fasteners in 4 fasteners in direction

direction of loading of loading
5. Alternative values for W,M,S and HP shapes

Connected through flange with 3 or more

fasteners in direction of loading
5. Alternative values for W,M,S and HP shapes

Connected through flange with 3 or more

fasteners in direction of loading
5. Alternative values for W,M,S and HP shapes

Connected through web with 4 or more

fasteners in direction of loading
 Example

Determine Effective Net Area

 Example

An Ag Aholes
1 5 1
An 5.77 2 5.02 in 2

2 8 8
 Example

An 5.02 in 2

Only one element is connected

Net area must be reduced

x 1.67
U 1 1 0.7217
l 6
x 1.67 in from Part 1 of manual (DIM)
l 6 in

Ae UAn 0.7217 5.02 3.623 in 2

 Example

An 5.02 in 2

Alternatively

3 bolts in direction of load

U 0.6

Ae UAn 0.65.02 3.012 in 2

Block Shear
 Block Shear
Chapter D User Note -> J4.3 (p. 16.1-112)

Failure occurs by rupture on the shear area and rupture on the

tension area

Both surfaces (shear and tension) contribute to total strength

 Block Shear
Chapter D User Note -> J4.3 (p. 16.1-112)

Both surfaces (shear and

tension) contribute to
Anv: net shear area total strength

Ant : net tension area

 Block Shear
Chapter D User Note -> J4.3 (p. 16.1-112)

Anv: net shear area

Ant : net tension area

For angles and gusset plates

Rn 0.6Fu Anv Fu Ant

 Block Shear
Chapter D User Note -> J4.3 (p. 16.1-112)

Anv: net shear area

Ant : net tension area

AISC
Rn 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant

Ubs=1 for angles, gusset plates and most coped beams

See AISC Commentary J4.3 for other less common cases
 Example

Compute block shear strength per LRFD and ASD

 Example

Agv 7.5 2.813

3
8

3 7 1
Anv 7.5 2.5 1.875 in 2
8 8 8

3 7 1
Ant 1.5 0.5 0.3750 in 2
8 8 8
 Example

Agv 2.813 Anv 1.875 in 2

Ant 0.3750 in 2
58

Rn 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant

Rn 0.6581.875 1580.375 87.00 kips

Rn UpperLimit 0.6362.813 1580.375 82.51 kips

 Example

Agv 2.813 Anv 1.875 in 2

Ant 0.3750 in 2
58

Nominal Strength
Rn 82.51 kips

LRFD ASD
Rn 82.51
Rn 0.7582.51 61.9 kips 41.3 kips
2