GROUP ASSIGNMENT

TAIMOUR KHAN (Group leader)

HAMZA ABBASI
M KAMRAN
BILAL SHAFIQ ABBASI
SOIL,TYPES AND DIFFERENT
TEST OF SOIL
 Formation of soil
soil formation starts with the decomposition of
plants and animals and breaking down of rocks.
This breaking down of rocks is called weathering.
 Type of soils

a- types of soil with respect to

the particles size

b- types of soil with respect to

formation
 1- Boulders
size greater then 300mm

2- Cobbles
size greater than 76.2mm
but less than 300mm

3- Gravels
size greater than 4.75mm
but less than 76.2mm
 a- Coarse Gravels

size less than 76.2mm but greater than 20mm

b- Fine Gravels
size less than 20mm but greater than 4.76mm

4- Sand
size less than 4.76mm
but greater than 0.075mm
 a- Coarse Sand
size less than 4.75mm but greater than 2mm.
pass through sieve #4 and retain on sieve #10
b- Medium Sand
size < 2mm but > 0.425mm, pass through
sieve # 10 and retain on sieve #40
c- Fine sand
size < 0.425mm but > 0.075mm, pas through
sieve # 40 and retain on sieve # 200
 5- Silt
size < 0.075mm but > 0.005mm
6- Clay
size less than 0.005mm
 1- Glacial soil
The soil which are transported
and deposited by glaciers.
2- Alluvial Soil
The soil which is formed by
deposition and transportation
of silt and clay through the
agency of water ,over a
course of time.
 3- Loess
it is a type of soil which consist of same type of
substances. size b/w 0.005mm to 0.001mm and have
high cohesion between
particles.
4- Peat
This is formed by the
decomposition of plants
and animals with water,
like slake.
 Various reason to study the properties of soil

a- Foundation to support structure and embankment

b- Construction Materials

c- Slopes and Landslides

d- Earth Retaining structures

 1- Liquid Limit
2- Plastic Limit
3- Proctor test (Lab Density)
a- Standard Proctor Test
b- Modified Proctor Test
4- Core Cutter Method (Field Density)
5- California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
 Apparatus
Casagrande liquid limit device, Grooving tool,
Moisture cans, Spatula or knife, Paper towel,
Balance sensitive up to 0.01 g, Oven.
 Procedure
Determine the mass of three moisture cans (W1).
Put about 250 g of air-dry soil, passed through
No. 40 sieve, into an evaporating dish. Add
water from the plastic squeeze bottle and mix the
soil to the form of a uniform paste.
Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup of the
liquid limit device. Using the spatula, smooth the
surface of the soil in the cup such that maximum
depth of the soil is about 8 mm.
 Using the grooving tool, cut a groove along the
center line of the soil pat in the cup. Turn the crank
of the liquid limit device at the rate of about 2
revolutions per second. By this, the liquid limit
cup will rise and drop through a vertical distance
of 10 mm once for each revolution. The soil from
two sides of the cup will begin to flow toward
center. Count the number of blows, N, for groove
in the soil to close through a distance of 0.5 in.
(12.7 mm). If N = about 25 to 35, collect a moisture
sample from the soil in the cup in a moisture can.
Close the cover and determined the weight.
 Add more water to the soil paste in the
evaporating dish and mix well. Repeat Steps 3, 4
and 5 to get a blow count N between 15 and 20 for
a groove closure of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) in the liquid
limit device. Take a moisture sample from the
cup.
Put the three moisture cans in the oven to dry to
constant masses (W3). (The caps of the moisture
cans should be removed from the top and placed
at the bottom of the respective cans in the oven.)
Calculation;
Test no , Blows No and % of mositure Content
 Apparatus
Porcelain evaporating dish, Spatula or knife,
Moisture cans, Ground glass plate, Balance
sensitive up to 0.01 g., Oven
 Procedure
Put approximately 20 grams of a representative,
air-dry soil sample, passed through No. 40 sieve,
into a porcelain evaporating dish.
Add water from the plastic squeeze bottle to the
soil and mix thoroughly. Determine the mass of
moisture can in grams and record it on the data
sheet (W1). From the moist soil prepared in Step
2, prepare several ellipsoidal-shaped soil masses
by squeezing the soil with your fingers.
 Take one of the ellipsoidal-shaped soil masses
(Step 4) and roll it on a ground glass plate using
the palm of your hand. The rolling should be
done at the rate of about 80 strokes per minute.
Note that one complete backward and one
complete forward motion of the palm constitutes
a stroke.
When the thread is being rolled in Step 5 reaches
1/8-in. (3.18 mm) in diameter, break it up into
several small pieces and squeeze it with your
fingers to form an ellipsoidal mass again.
 Collect the small crumbled pieces in the moisture
can put the cover on the can. Take the other
ellipsoidal soil masses formed in Step 4 and
repeat Steps 5 through 8. Determine the mass of
the moisture can plus the wet soil (W2) in grams.
Remove the cap from the top of the can and place
the can in the oven (with the cap at the bottom of
the can). After about 24 hours, remove the can
from the oven and determine the mass of the can
plus the dry soil (w3) in grams.
 Test no 1 2 3

M.C % 14.8 15.2 15.1

Plastic limit (14.8+15.2+15.1)/ 3 =15

 Objective
To determine Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) and Maximum Dry
Density (MDD) of soil.
SCOPE

Compaction is the removal of air and to

increase the density to obtain
the moisture-density relationship for a given
compactive effort on a
particular soil.
 Apparatus
Standard proctor mould, balance, tray, rammer of
2.5Kg (5.5 lb) of fall
25.4Cm (12) and 4.54Kg (10 lb), of fall 38Cm (18),
moisture
container, oven, sieve 19 mm (3/4) and 9.5mm
(3/8) and straight
edge.
 Procedure
1. If the soil sample is damp, dry it in air or in an
oven. Then, thoroughly
break up the aggregations. Select a representative
sample, weighing
approximately 4kg for standard proctor and 7kg for
modified
compaction. Pass the representative soil from sieve
19 mm (3/4).
Weigh the retained material on 19mm (3/4) sieve
and discard.
 Mix the selected sample with 2 to 3% water to the
sample weight to
dampen it to approximately four to six percent points
below optimum moisture content.
Compact the sample in 4 mould (with collar attached)
in three equal layers for Standard Compaction Test and
five layers for Modified Compaction Test. Compact
each layer by 25 distributed blows with rammer
dropping free from a height of 30.5 Cm (12) for
Standard Compaction Test and 42.7 Cm (18) for
Modified Compaction Test.
After compaction, remove the extension collar, trim the
compacted soil by means of a straight edge and weigh
the mould. Remove the material from the mould and
weigh the empty mould.
 Take a representative sample of the material for
moisture content. The moisture sample shall
weight not be less than 100 gm.
Thoroughly break up the same sample and add
more water and repeat the procedure for each
increment of water added. Continue this
procedure until there is either a decrease or no
change in wet weight of the compacted soil.
 Observation and Data Collection for Standard
Proctor test
Internal dia of proctor mould = 10.16 Cm (4)
Height of proctor mould = 11.64 Cm (4.584)
Volume of proctor mould = 943 Cm3 (0.0333
Cft)
Standard rammer fall = 30.5 Cm (12)
Standard rammer weight = 2.5Kg (5.5 lb)

Number of layers in standard compaction = 3

 It is the ratio of force per unit area required to
penetrate a soil mass with standard circular piston
at the rate of 1.25 mm/min. to that required for
the corresponding penetration of a standard
material. The California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR
Test) is a penetration test developed by California
State Highway Department (U.S.A.) for evaluating
the bearing capacity of subgrade soil for design of
flexible pavement.
 Mould
Steel Cutting collar
Spacer Disc
Surcharge weight
Dial gauges
IS Sieves
Penetration Plunger
Loading Machine
Miscellaneous Apparatus
 Normally 3 specimens each of about 7 kg must
be compacted so that their compacted densities
range from 95% to 100% generally with 10, 30
and 65 blows.
Weigh of empty mould
Add water to the first specimen (compact it in
five layer by giving 10 blows per layer)
After compaction, remove the collar and level
the surface.
Take sample for determination of moisture
content.
 Weight of mould + compacted specimen.
Place the mold in the soaking tank for four
days (ignore this step in case of unsoaked CBR.
Take other samples and apply different blows
and repeat the whole process.
After four days, measure the swell reading and
find %age swell.
Remove the mould from the tank and allow
water to drain.
Then place the specimen under the penetration
piston and place surcharge load of 10lb.
 Apply the load and note the penetration load
values.
Draw the graphs between the penetration (in)
and penetration load (in) and find the value
of CBR.
Draw the graph between the %age CBR and
Dry Density, and find CBR at required degree
of compaction.
 The CBR test is one of the most commonly
used methods to evaluate the strength of a sub
grade soil, sub base, and base course material
for design of thickness for
highways and airfield pavement.
The california bearing ratio test is penetration
test meant for the evaluation of subgrade
strength of roads and pavements. The results
obtained by these tests are used with the
empirical curves to determine the thickness of
pavement and its component layers.
 This is the most widely used method for the
design of flexible pavement.
This instruction sheet covers the laboratory
method for the determination of C.B.R. of
undisturbed and remoulded /compacted soil
specimens, both in soaked as well as unsoaked
state.