STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI

Asam Nukleat
(Nucleic Acid)

Company
Biokim 1, 2013
LOGO
 Contents

1 Introduction
Biokim I, 2 Structure & function of NA
Asam
Nukleat 3 Gene expression
2013
INTRODUCTION
 Biology: An Overview

Apa itu Kehidupan?

Berfikir ilmiah tentang kehidupan
Chemistry dari kehidupan?
Sel dan arsitek dari sel?
The carbon cycle.
Procaryote sizes and structures
Level of Biological Information
CELL
9
Formation of polynucleotides and polypeptides
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI
AS NUKLEAT
 Friedrich Miescher in 1869

o Isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei

of pus cells
o Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties,
hence it became called nucleic acid

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Two types of nucleic acid are found

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

 The Nucleic acids in the eukaryotic cell

o DNA is found in the nucleus

with small amounts in mitochondria
and chloroplasts
o RNA is found throughout the cell
 NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE

PHOSPATE SUGAR BASE

PURINES PYRIMIDINES
Ribose or
Deoxyribose Adenine (A) Cytocine (C)
Guanine(G) Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)

NUCLEOTIDE
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
 Pentose Sugar
Carbons are numbered clockwise 1 to 5

5
CH2

C4 C1
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
 Spot the difference

RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE

CH2OH CH2OH
O OH O OH

C C C C

H H H H H H H H

C C C C

OH OH OH H
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
 THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
P
The nucleotides are all
orientated in the same
direction P

The phosphate group joins the

3rd Carbon of one sugar to the P
5th Carbon of the next in line.

P
 P
ADDING IN THE BASES G

The bases are P

attached to the 1st C
Carbon
Their order is P
important C
It determines the
genetic information of P
the molecule A

P
T

P
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
T
 Base-Pairings
Purines only pair with Pyrimidines
Three hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine and Cytosine
Two hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine and
Thymine
3 H-bonds

G C

T A
 Remember HOW the Carbons Are Numbered!

Phosphate
Group

O 5

O=P-O CH2
O O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)

Sugar
(deoxyribose)

C3 C2
A short length of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), showing four
nucleotides. One of the
phosphodiester bonds
that link adjacent
nucleotides is shaded
yellow, and one of the
nucleotides is enclosed in
a gray box.
 Watson & Crick Base pairing

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Remember the Strands are Antiparallel
5 O 3

3 O
P 5 P
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3

O
5
P 3 P
24
 The Double Helix (1953)

Public Domain image

Dr Kalju Kahn USBC Chemistry and Biochemistry
 Antiparallel Strands

One strand of DNA goes from 5 to 3

(sugars)
The other strand is opposite in
direction going 3 to 5 (sugars)
Transkripsi dan Translasi
Gene Expression
 Gene & Genome

Genome = Semua masa DNA yang terdapat

dalam Sel atau Organisme mis;
genom manusia adalah 5x 109

Gene = Unit terkecil dari genom yang

mengkode protein
Genetic Blueprint to Biological Function
Dogma Central
 GENE EXPRESSION

DNA RNA PROTEIN

Protein Fungsional

1. Bioregulator (Hormon)
2. Biokatalisator (Enzim)
3. Protein Transport
4. Protein Pelindung
5. Protein struktural
6. Protein kontraktil
Gene to Gene Products
Protein Synthesis
DNA APLICATION
NON-CODING REGIONS

(VNTR)

35
DNA PROFILING

1980 - American researchers discovered

non-coding regions of DNA
1984 - Professor Alec Jeffreys developed
the process of DNA profiling

1987 - First conviction based

on DNA evidence

36
37
 DNA PROFILING

A process or technique of analysis

revealing unique patterns of an
individuals DNA
involving non-coding regions

38
 STAGES INVOLVED

Cells broken down to release

DNA

DNA strands cut into

fragments

Fragments separated

Pattern of fragments analysed

39
1. DNA EXTRACTION

40
2. DNA CUTTING 3. FRAGMENT SEPARATION

The samples containing the fragments

are pipetted into individual wells in a gel

41
 ELECTROPHORESIS

Fragments separated by length

DNA (negatively charged)

Moves towards +ve terminal

Shorter fragments move faster

42
 4.DNA TRANSFER

DNA split into single strands

using alkaline solution
DNA fragments transferred from
gel to filter paper or nylon
membrane
(This is called Southern blotting)
Gel, with filter paper attached, is
removed & separated

43
 5. ANALYSIS

Radioactive probe in Revealing a pattern

solution binds to DNA of bands

44
X-ray film
 SOME APPLICATIONS

Forensic Science

Family Relationships

Health Care

45
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

46
HEALTH CARE

47
 DNA PROFILE
Puppy

Sire
Dam

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