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Fluid Flows
Kinematics:
The study of motion.
Fluid kinematics:
The study of how
fluids flow and how
to describe fluid
motion.
The relationship between pressure
and flow velocity is important in
many engineering applications.
Blood pressure (flow of blood
through veins and arteries)
Weather forecasts (pressure
readings of atmospheric flow patterns)
Stirring a cup of coffee (pressure
variations enhance mixing)
Design of tall structures (pressure
forces from the wind)
Aircraft design (lift and drag)
Flow systems (heating and air
conditioning)
Summary/
Outline
Objectives:
Mathematically describe the motion of a fluid
Express the acceleration and vorticity of a fluid
particle given the velocity components
Describe the deformation of a fluid particle
Classify various fluid flows. Is a flow viscous, is it
turbulent, is it incompressible, is it a uniform flow?
Present several examples and numerous problems
that demonstrate how fluid flows are described and
how flows are classified
Descriptions of Fluid Motion
Lagrangian description: Description of motion
where individual particles are observed as a
function of time
Descriptions of Fluid Motion cont:
Eulerian description: Description of motion
where the flow properties are functions of both
space and time
Different Lines in Describing a
Flow Field
Pathline: The actual path traveled by an
individual fluid particle over some time
period.
Different Lines in Describing a
Flow Field cont.
Streakline: The locus of fluid particles that
have passed sequentially through a
prescribed point in the flow.
Different Lines in Describing a
Flow Field cont.
Streamline: a line in the flow where the
velocity vector is tangent to the streamline
Streamtube: A tube
whose walls are
Streamlines
Acceleration of a fluid particle is found by
considering a particular particle. Its velocity
changes from V(t) at time t to V (t + dt).
Angular Velocity: the average velocity of two
perpendicular line segments of a fluid
particle
Vorticity: Twice the Angular Velocity
Classification of Fluid Flows
Uniform Flow
The velocity does not change along a fluid path.
Nonuniform Flow
The velocity changes along a fluid path.
Classification of Fluid Flows cont.
Steady Flow: The velocity at a given point on
a fluid path does not change with time.
Two- Dimensional
Three-Dimensional
Description of Fluid
Flows
LAGRANGIAN DESCRIPTION
EULERIAN DESCRIPTION
Lagrangian
Description
STREAMLINE
STREAKLINE
PATHLINE
Streamlines,
streaklines and
pathlines are used
in the visualization
of fluid flow.
Streamlines mainly
used in analytic
work, streaklines
and pathlines
used in
experimental
work.
STREAMLINE
V(t)
V(t) V(t + dt)
=
x
Velocity vector V
= + + wk = , , ,
= + + +
= + + + = = =
= + + +
= + + + = + + +
= + + +
= = + + +
It is given a special name and special symbol (D/Dt instead of d/dt) because
we followed a particular fluid particle, that is, we followed the substance (or
material).
It can be used with other dependent variables; for example, DT/Dt would
represent the rate of change of the temperature of a fluid as we followed the
particle along.
= + + +
S r a
V
y
v +
2 2
A B dy
u
C
Fluid particle occupying an
2 infinitesimal parallelepiped at
a particular instant.
dx
Let us consider a small fluid particle that occupies an infinitesimal volume that
has the xy-face as shown in the figure.
The angular velocity about the z axis is the average of the angular velocity of
line segment AB and line segment CD.
=
=
+
+ 2 2
2 2 =
=
=
=
1
= +
2
Considering the xz-face Considering the yz-face
1
1 = 1
= 2 =
2 2
A cork placed in a water flow in a wide
channel (the x-y plane) would rotate with
an angular velocity about the z-axis, given
by the equation,
1
=
2
Vorticity
Vorticity is a pseudovector field that describes the local spinning motion of a
continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be
seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the flow.
= = =
1
= ( + )
2
=
+
2 2
= =
=
A flow field is best characterized by its
velocity distribution, and thus a flow is
said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in
one, two, or three primary dimensions,
respectively.
Reynolds
Number
British engineer, physicist and
educator best known for his work in
hydraulics and hydrodynamics . Where :
- mean velocity (m/s)
Formulated the LUBRICATION (1886)
- pipe diameter (m)
Also studied wave engineering and v- kinematic viscosity
tidal motions of the fluid (m2/s)
- absolute or dynamic
viscosity (Pa-s)
density of the fluid
(kg/m3)
Sample Problem 1 Sample Problem 2 (# 7-2) 3 (# 7-3
Sample Problem
(# 7-1)
Water having kinematic viscosity v = 1.3 106 m2 /s flows in a
100-mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Is the flow laminar
or turbulent?
for laminar
condition Re 2000
At
Recritical Oil of
= =velocity in pipes, Re specific
= gravity 0.80 flows in a 200 mm diameter
v 2
pipe. Find the critical velocity. Use = 8.14 10 Pa-s.
2000
Re = v = where: = Q/A
4.5(0.1)
= 6 For laminar flow conditions, what size of pipe will deliver 6 liters
1.3
10
Re = (=) per second of oil having kinematic viscosity of 6.1 106 m2 /s ?
= v =
Re = v346,153.85
> 2000
v
0 2 1000 0 8
2000 = ( . )( )( . )
the flow
8.14
0.006 10is
2
2
4
==6.11.0175
2000
turbulent 106
m/s
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
Air at 68F (20C) has a speed of sound
780 mi/h (340 m/s). Thus inequality
indicates that air is incompressible at
velocities up to 228 mi/h (102 m/s).
It is nearly impossible to attain Ma=0.3
in liquid flow because of the very high
pressures required. Thus liquid flow is
incompressible.
A flow is said to be incompressible if the
density of a fluid element does not
change during its motion. It is a property
of the flow and not of the fluid. The rate of
change of density of a material fluid
element is given by the material
derivative
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR
INCOMPESSIBLE FLOW ARE:
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN 2D
Continuity
X-Momentum
Y-Momentum
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The velocity distribution for a
two-dimensional incompressible flow
is given by
u= 2 2 v= 2 2
+ +
Show that it satisfies continuity
The continuity equation for 2D Incompressible
flow
+ =0
Then
2
1 2
= 2 +
+ 2 ( 2 + 2 )2
1 2 2
= 2 2
+ 2
+ ( + 2 )2
M = V/c
C =
= (1.4)(287)(393)
C = 397.38 m/s