One-,

Two-,
Three-Dimensional S

Duane B. Karlin
CEP 811
June 12, 2011
What is GEOMETRY?
Geometry is the study of shapes.
Geometric figures can have one, two, or three dimensions.

What is DIMENSION?
Dimension is a measure in one direction.
 MEASUREMENTS can be in U.S. STANDARD or METRIC.

U.S. STANDARD: inches, feet, yards, miles

12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
1,760 yards = 1 mile
U.S. STANDARD conversions are trickier to memorize because they
do not have a common converting number.

METRIC: meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter

1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1,000 millimeters

METRIC conversions are easier to understand because
they are multiples of 10.
 READY TO LEARN ABOUT

One-dimensional shapes?

Two-dimensional shapes?

Three-dimensional shapes?

Or are you ready to TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE?

One-Dimensional Shapes

One-dimensional shapes are measured in only one direction.

This is defined as the LENGTH.

LINES are a one-dimensional shape.

 Two-Dimensional Shapes
Two-dimensional shapes can be measured in two directions.

Their measurements are LENGTH (or BASE) and WIDTH (or HEIGHT).

The distance around is PERIMETER.

The enclosed space is AREA.

Want a hint about INTERIOR ANGLES?

Click on a shape or capital word to learn more.

 Radius
CIRCLE

Diameter

Center
Circumference
CENTER CENTER: the
middle of a
circle. It is the
same distance
from the
center to any
point on the
circle.

Center
DIAMETER

Diameter

DIAMETER: a line segment that passes through the center of a circle

and has its endpoints on opposite sides of the circle.
 Radius
RADIUS

RADIUS: a line segment with one endpoint at the center of a circle

and the other endpoint on the circle.
CIRCUMFERENCE CIRCUMFERENCE:
the distance around
a circle.

Circumference
CIRCUMFERENCE, instead of PERIMETER, is used to
measure the distance around a CIRCLE.

CIRCUMFERENCE = 2r

= 3.14
r = radius
3 inches

C = 2 x 3.14 x 3

C = 6.28 x 3

C = 18.84

CIRCUMFERENCE = 18.84 inches

AREA of a CIRCLE is the INTERIOR space.

AREA = r2

A = 3.14 x 32 3 inches

A = 3.14 x 3 x 3 3 inches

A = 3.14 x 9

A = 28.26

AREA = 28.26 square inches

 TRIANGLE The prefix TRI- means 3.

3 interior angles
3 sides

INTERIOR means inside.

The sum of the 3 interior angles always equal 180.
AREA of a TRIANGLE = BASE (b) x HEIGHT (h)

A = b x h

A=x6x6
A=3x6

A = 18 square inches

HEIGHT
(6 inches)

BASE This formula works for ALL TRIANGLES.

(6 inches)
6 types of TRIANGLES.

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

Right Acute Obtuse

Click on a shape to learn more, or learn about AREA.

 60
All three sides are the same length.
All interior angles equal 60.
(60 + 60 + 60 = 180)

60 60

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
 REMEMBER: the sum of the
interior angles will always
equal 180 in a triangle.

Two sides are equal.

The angles opposite of

the equal sides are
also equal.

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
All three sides are different lengths.

All interior angles are different, but

they still equal 180.

SCALENE TRIANGLE
 One angle, opposite the longest side,
measures 90. It is signified by the symbol.

RIGHT TRIANGLE
All 3 interior angles are
less than 90. Equilateral triangles are
an example of an
acute triangle, but not all
acute triangles are
equilateral triangles.

ACUTE TRIANGLE
One interior angle in an obtuse triangle is greater than 90.

OBTUSE TRIANGLE
 QUADRILATERALS

The prefix QUAD- means 4, as in a 4-sided figure or shape.

Click on a shape to learn more.

PERIMETER = distance around a shape PERIMETER = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
P = 12 inches

3 inches

3 inches 3 inches

3 inches

PERIMETER of any shape is calculated by adding the sides together.

AREA = square units it takes to fill a shape AREA = 3 x 3
A = 9 square inches

3 inches

3 inches

AREA of a QUADRILATERAL is calculated by multiplying the

Length (or Base) by the Width (or Height).
All 4 sides are equal and parallel. All interior angles equal 90.

REMEMBER:
A square is a
SQUARE rectangle, but
a rectangle is
not a square!

Parallel means the lines always maintain the same distance apart.
Parallel lines will never touch.
All interior angles equal 90.

RECTANGLE

Opposite sides are equal and parallel.

RHOMBUS, or DIAMOND

Interior angles equal 90.

A special type of PARALLOGRAM. All 4 sides are equal and parallel.

Opposite sides are equal and parallel.

PARALLELOGRAM

Opposite angles are equal.

Has one pair of parallel sides.

TRAPEZOID
AREA OF A TRAPEZOID = x (BASE 1 + BASE 2) x HEIGHT

10 inches

5 inches

15 inches

Area = x (b1 + b2) x h

A = x (15 + 10) x 5
A = x (25) x 5
A = 12.5 x 5
AREA = 62.5 square inches
HINT! Remember, the number of degrees in any geometric shape is
180 x (N 2), where N is equal to the number of sides.

So, with a PENTAGON, 5-sided shape, we would write:

180 x (5 2) = 180 x 3 = 540,
so the number of degrees in a PENTAGON is 540.

A HEXAGON, 6-sided shape, has

180 x (6 2) = 180 x 4 = 720.

An OCTAGON, 8-sided shape, has

180 x (8 2) = 180 x 6 = 1080.
SHAPES WITH MORE THAN 4 SIDES

Click on a shape to learn more.

 The prefix PENTA- means 5.
PENTAGON
No parallel sides.

If each side is equal,

then each interior
angle equals 108.

Interior angles all equal 540.

All 5 sides can be equal, but they dont have to be.

AREA of a PENTAGON

Divide the pentagon into 5 equal triangles. A=x3x5

Divide those triangles in half. A = 1.5 x 5

A = 7.5

But this is only the area

for one triangle, so we
BASE = 3 inches need to multiply this
HEIGHT = 5 inches number by the total
number of triangles
within the pentagon.

A = 7.5 x 10
You now have 10 right angle triangles.
AREA = 75 square inches
The formula for finding the
area of a triangle is A = b x h
 The prefix HEXA- means 6.
HEXAGON Interior angles all equal 720.

If each side is equal,

which they do not
have to be, then each
interior angle equals 120. 3 pairs of parallel sides.
Parallel sides are opposite each other.
 The prefix OCTA- means 8.
OCTAGON Interior angles all equal 1080.

If each side is equal,

which they may or may
not be, then each interior 4 pairs of parallel sides.
angle equals 135.
Parallel sides are opposite each other.
 Three-Dimensional Shapes
Three-dimensional shapes are measured in three directions:

length, width, and height.

Three-dimensional shapes also have FACES, VERTICES, and EDGES.

Click on a shape or capital word to learn more.

FACES REMEMBER:
In a three-dimensional
shape, you may not
always be able to see
all of the faces (sides)
of the shape.

FACES refers to the sides of a shape.

In this example, the CUBE has 6 faces, but we can only see 3.
VERTEX (singular), or VERTICES (plural)

A VERTEX is where two or more points meet; a corner.

This example of a RECTANGULAR PRISM has 8 VERTICES.

Once again, not every VERTEX may be visible in a three-dimensional shape.

EDGES

The EDGE of a shape

is the line where two This CYLINDER has
surfaces meet. 2 EDGES.
 The CUBE has 6 sides, 8 vertices, and 12 edges.
CUBE
To find the SURFACE AREA of a CUBE,
find the area of one side (L x W), and
then multiply by the total number of
sides (6). Remember to count all the
hidden sides!

SURFACE AREA = (L x W) x 6
3 inches = (3 x 3) x 6
=9x6
SURFACE AREA = 54 square inches
3 inches

3 inches
SURFACE AREA is the measurement
we would use to cover the outside
of the shape, like a wrapped package.
 VOLUME is the amount of space a
CUBE three-dimensional shape occupies.

VOLUME = L x W x H
VOLUME = 4 x 4 x 4
VOLUME = 64 cubic inches

4 inches
HINT: CUBIC measurement
is used with volume because
4 inches 64 equal-sized cubes would
fit into the shape.
4 inches

To find the VOLUME of a shape, use this formula: Length x Width x Height.
 DIAMETER = 8 inches, so the RADIUS equals 4 inches.
SPHERE
To find the SURFACE AREA of
a sphere, use this formula:

SURFACE AREA = 4r2

= 442
8 inches
= 4(4 x 4)

= 4(16)

=12.56 x 16

SURFACE AREA = 200.96 square inches

Ready to learn about the VOLUME of a SPHERE?

SPHERE
To calculate the VOLUME of a SPHERE,
things get a little tricky.

VOLUME = 4/3 r3
= 4/3 (4 x 4 x 4)

8 inches = 4/3 x x 64
= 4.187 x 64
VOLUME = 267.95 cubic inches

The RADIUS is half of the DIAMETER, so half of 8 is 4.

CYLINDER

2 inches

If we cut the middle

and lay it flat, it would
form a rectangle.
6 inches

Click on the dotted

line to see what the
cylinder would look
A CYLINDER is actually like if it was dissected.
two circles (one on the
top and one on the bottom)
and a rectangle in the middle.
 CYLINDER To see the CYLINDER in this shape
makes calculating the SURFACE AREA
easier to understand.

The formula looks

confusing, but it is
simply finding the SURFACE AREA = 100.48 square inches
surface area of two
circles and one 6 inches
rectangle.

The circumference
of the circle actually SURFACE AREA = 2r2 + 2rh
forms the base of = 222 + 22 x 6
2 inches
the rectangle.
= 24 + 212
= 6.28 x 4 + 6.28 x 12
= 25.12 + 75.36
 CYLINDER

2 inches

To calculate the VOLUME

of a CYLINDER, use this
formula: V = r2h
6 inches
V=x 22 x6

V=x4x6

V = x 24

V = 75.36 cubic inches

RECTANGULAR PRISM The RECTANGULAR PRISM has
6 sides, 8 vertices, and 12 faces.

To calculate the SURFACE AREA or VOLUME or the RECTANGULAR PRISM,

use the same formula as you would for the CUBE.
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF SHAPES

QUESTION 1

How many dimensions does a line have?

ONE TWO THREE AS MANY AS IT NEEDS

 QUESTION 2

Which of the following formulas would be used to

calculate the area of a trapezoid?

A=BxH
A=LxW
A = (Base 1 + Base 2) x Height
A = r2
 QUESTION 3

How many faces does a cylinder have?

Three Two Five Eight

 QUESTION 4

On a three-dimensional shape, what is it called

where two or more points meet?

Face Vertex Mystery Party

 QUESTION 5

How many parallel sides are on a pentagon?

5 3 2 0
 QUESTION 6

Which of these figures is a scalene triangle?

 QUESTION 7

True or false?
A square is a rectangle and a rectangle is

TRUE FALSE
 QUESTION 8

What is geometry?

The study of numbers.

The study of shapes.

An example of counting.

What the acorn said when it grew up.

 QUESTION 9

If I had a quadrilateral, two octagons, and a triangle,

how many sides would I have?

19 23 25 15
 QUESTION 10

WHICH FORMULA WILL HELP ME FIGURE OUT HOW MANY DEGREES

ARE IN ANY GIVEN GEOMETRIC SHAPE?

180 x (number of sides - 2)

Base x Height x the number of sides

2r

add the number of sides together

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 CONGRATULATIONS!

Your knowledge of shapes is out of this world!