1. What is optimisation?

2. Introduction to teaching and learning based

optimisation(TLBO)
3. Optimisation algorithm
4. Applications of TLBO
5. Size and geometry optimisation of trusses using teaching
and learning based optimisation
6. Mathematical model for sizing and geometry optimisation of
truss
7. Conclusion
8. References
 Optimization is a mathematical discipline that concerns the
finding of minima and maxima of functions, subject to so-
called constraints

Optimization originated in the 1940s, when George Dantzig

used mathematical techniques for generating "programs"
(training timetables and schedules) for military application.
 Since then, his "linear programming" techniques and their
descendents were applied to a wide variety of problems, from
the scheduling of production facilities, to yield management in
airlines

Today, optimization comprises a wide variety of techniques

from Operations Research, artificial intelligence and computer
science, and is used to improve business processes in
practically all industries.
 TeachingLearning-Based Optimization (TLBO) seems to be
a rising star from amongst a number of metaheuristics with
relatively competitive performances.

Teaching-Learning based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm is a

global optimization method originally developed by Rao et al.

It is a population- based iterative learning algorithm that

exhibits some common characteristics with other evolutionary
computation (EC) algorithms (Fogel 1995).
 TLBO uses a nature based algorithm.

TLBO method is based on the effect of the influence of a

teacher on the output of learners in a class.

Here, output is considered in terms of results or grades.

 A group of learners constitute the population in TLBO.
The different design variables in TLBO are analogous to
different subjects offered to learners and the learners result is
analogous to the fitness.
The process of TLBO is divided into two parts-
Teachers phase
Learners phase
Teacher phase means learning from the teacher and the
Learner phase means learning through the interaction
between learners
 Following are the notations used for describing the TLBO
algorithm

N: number of learners in class i.e. class size

D: number of courses offered to the learners

MAXIT: maximum number of allowable iterations

 TLBO searches for an optimum through each learner trying to
achieve the experience of the teacher, which is treated as the
most learned person in the society, thereby obtaining the
optimum results, rather than through learners.

Due to its simple concept and high efficiency, TLBO has

become a very attractive optimization technique and has been
successfully applied to many real world problems
 TLBO can obtain better optimisation performances in many
fields such as
A. Constrained mechanical design optimisation problem
B. Unconstrained and constrained real-parameter optimisation
problems.
C. Continuous non linear large scale problems.
 Multi objective optimization with TLBO Parameter
optimization of modern machining processes.
Multi-objective optimization of heat exchangers.
Multi-objective optimization of two stage thermoelectric
cooler.
Design of planar steel frames.
A design of IIR based digital hearing aids.
Size and geometry optimization of trusses.
Multi objective optimization in automatic voltage regulator.
Power flow problems.
 The suitability of TLBO for size and geometry optimization of
structures in structural optimal design was tested by truss
examples.

In the problem of size and geometry optimization of truss

structures, the cross-sectional area and the geometry of
primary structures both increase the dimension of the design
space. It has been proved that TLBO algorithm performs well
in problems with large dimensions .
 Usually, there are two types of variables in the mathematical model
for the size and geometry optimization of the truss structures i.e. the
cross-sectional area variables and the node coordinate variables,
which determine the geometry of the structures.
The mathematical model of size and geometry optimization
problems can be expressed as follows:
n
Min. weight(Ai, Cj ) = iAiLi
i=1
Li = Li(Cj)
s.t. gi =[ i ]-i >=0(i=1,2,.,k)

gujl = [ujl ]-ujl>=0(j=1,2,M);(l=1,2..N)

Ai S (i=1,2,..k)
 The material density is 0.1 lb/in3.
the modulus of elasticity is 10000 ksi.
The stress limits of the members are subjected to 20 ksi.
buckling coefficient =4.
Figure1 -. The geometry of the 18-bar planar truss
 PS No. of No. of best Best(lb) Mean(lb) Worst(lb) Std. dev
structural results for
analyses structural
avg.d analyses
20 50021 4543.834 4672.787 5132.951 5135.951 116.962
30 50059 4532.538 4622.168 4815.306 4815.306 64.001
40 50029 4535.251 4590.072 4590.072 4750.639 53.406
50 50003 4526.708 4597.752 4597.752 4727.466 54.070

Observations from table

strategy with population size of 50 and number of iterations of 500 produced the best result
than other strategies
The standard deviation (std. dev) is relatively large as well, this indicates that computation is
easy to trap in local optimum.
The increase of the population has little impact on the results when the number of structural
analyses is about the same.
 Table : Optimal results of TLBO with ps size 50 for 18-bar truss

Variables Rajeev [23] Hasanqehi Kaveh [25] GSO [22] TLBO

[24]
A1 12.5 12.5 13 12.25 12.5
A2 16.25 18.25 18.25 18.25 18
A3 8 5.5 5.5 4.75 5.25
A4 4 3.75 3 4.25 3.75
X3 891.9 933 913 916.9 914.524
Y3 145.3 188 182 191.971 188.793
X5 610.6 658 648 654.224 647.351
Y5 118.2 148 152 156.1 149.683
X7 385.4 422 417 423.5 416.831
Y7 72.5 100 103 102.571 101.332
X9 184.4 205 204 207.519 204.165
Y9 23.4 32 39 28.579 31.662
Weight (lb) 4616.800 4574.280 4566.210 4538.768 4526.708
Figure 2 : Convergence of Figure 3 : The optimized18-bar
TLBO with ps size 50 truss

The TLBO requires less computation effort to reach convergence and its
convergence rate is faster than that of GSO.
 TLBO outperforms all other approaches.

TLBO is a very powerful approach of optimizing different types of

problems which are separable, non-separable, unimodal and
multimodal in providing quality optimum results in faster
convergence time compared to very popular evolutionary techniques
like PSO, DE, ABC and its variants.

It does not require any algorithm-specific parameters, only the

common control parameters are needed. Within the examples
considered, the results of TLBO obtained are as good as or better
than that of other algorithms in terms of both convergence rate and
convergence accuracy.
 Rao RV, Savsani VJ, Vakharia DP. Teachinglearning-based optimization: a novel
method for constrained mechanical design optimization problems, Comput-Aided Des,
2011; 43(3): 303-315.

Rao RV, Savsani VJ, Vakharia DP. Teachinglearning-based optimization: an

optimization method for continuous non-linear large scale problems, Inform Sci, 2012;

Toan V. Design of planar steel frames using teachinglearning based optimization, Eng
Struct, 2012; 34(0): 225-232

Rao RV, Patel V. An elitist teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm for solving

complex constrained optimization problems, Inter J Indust Eng Comput, 2012; 3(1):
535-560.

Rao R V, Patel V. Multi-objective optimization of two stage thermoelectric cooler using

a modified teachinglearning-based optimization algorithm, Eng Appl Artif Intell,

Pichet Srisangngam, Sorawat Chivapreecha, KobchaiDejhan(2011), A Design of IIR

Based Digital HearingAids Using Genetic Algorithm published in IEEE