EKOLOGI POPULASI

Trisnadi widyaleksono cp
Faktor

biotik

abiotik
Ecology - Populations

Population
All the individuals of a species
that are in a given area at a
given time.
Ecology - Populations

Population Density
The number of individuals in a
given area.
Ecology - Populations
Ecology - Populations
Density Dependent Factors
Factors that affect population that get worse as population increases.

Eg. Food, Water, Space, Predators, Disease, Parasitism

Ecology - Populations
Density Independent Factors
Factors that affect population that do not get worse as population
increases.

Eg. Fire, Storms, Earthquakes, Floods

Factors affecting population
density- independent
Eg: tsunami (Wikipedia)
Growth Rate of a Population
change in population size = (births + immigrations) - (deaths + emigrations)
(note: during a specified time interval)

Simplified version
change in population = [(# of births) - (# of deaths)] during time
interval
when N = # of individuals in population during time t

N
B-D
t
This can be rewritten as:

N
N (b - d)
t

Where:

b = natality = average per capita birth rate

= # of births/1000 per year

d = mortality = average per capita death rate

= # of deaths/1000 per year
Per capita growth rate = r = b - d

N rN
t

Instantaneous Growth Rate of a Population

dN
rN
dt
r max = 1

r max = .5
Exponential Growth Model: J-shaped curves
Logistic Model of Growth
K = carrying capacity = max. # of individuals the
environment can support

K - N = how many more can be supported than are now (N)

K - N = fraction available for further growth
K

The growth equation becomes:

dN = r N (K - N) dt
K
Logistic Model of Growth: S-shaped (sigmoid) curves

stationary

log

lag
Describe the population shifts seen below:
Factors affecting population
density-dependent

Competition: spiders vs. lizards

 Examples of logistic growth:

K selected species - likely to be living at carrying capacity, seen in areas with

competition
 r selected
short maturation time
short life-span
high death rate
many offspring/reproduction
one reproductive event
reproduces early in life
small size to offspring
no parental care
K selected
long maturation time
long lifespan
low death rate
few offspring/reproduction
several reproductive episodes
reproduces later in life
large sized offspring
parental care for young
What sort of limiting factor is seen here?
Density dependent!
What sort of limiting factor is seen here?
Density independent
Characteristics of The Three Types
Seen in Survivorship Curves:
Type I : Low death rate in early years.
Small clutch sizes and good care for young
Type II: constant mortality throughout life
Type III: large clutch size, little care for young high mortality
rate early on in life.
 herring gull

Drummond phlox
 Estimating Population Size
Mark re-capture method.
You capture 200 grasshoppers, mark them all and then release them back into
the wild. A few days later you capture 100 grasshoppers and 50 of them were
marked. How many grasshoppers do you estimate are in this population?

N = # marked x total captured second time

number marked recaptures

200 x 100/50
= 400