BASIC CONCEPT

OF IMMUNOLOGY

Sulistiana Prabowo
Laboratory of Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine
Hang Tuah University
 IMMUNOLOGY

IS STUDY OF WAYS IN WHICH THE BODY

DEFENDS IT SELF FROM INFECTIOUS
AGENTS AND OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

IS STUDY OF IMMUNITY
The immune system is a remarkably
adaptive defense system that
evolved in vertebrates to protect
them from invading pathogenic
microorganisms and cancer
(Goldby, 2000)

Immune response
is a response of immune system
(adaptive) immunity ???
IMMUNOLOGY CONCEPTS

INNATE IMMUNITY
NON SPECIFIC

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
SPECIFIC
 INNATE IMMUNITY
Skin ANATOMIC BARRIER
Temperature
IS A NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE
Mechanical barrier retards entery PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER
Various
THAT
Normal cells
OPERATES
body internalize
AS FIRST
temperature inhibits
of microbes.
INNATE IMMUNITY
(endocytosis)
growth breakAND
andDEFENSE
of some downADAPTIVE
pathogens. IMMUNITYBARRIER
DO NOT
THE
Tissue
OPERATE
LINE
foreign
AGAINST
Adicid Low
damage
OF
pH(pH
macromolecules.
and infection
INPATHOGEN
TOTAL
environment
4 BARRIERS
INFLAMMATORY
INDEPENDECE OF EACH OTHER.
3-5)
induce
THEY ofleakage
retards
Acidity (Clancy,of
growth
stomach
COOPERATE ofvacular
1998)
IN killfluid,
microbes.
contents most
INPORTANT WAYS TO
PHAGOCYTOSIS PRODUCE
BARRIER
containing
ingested
Specialized
serum
microorganisms.
protein
cell with
MORE EFFECTIVE Anatomic barrier
IMMUNITY.
(blood
antibacterial
IS monocytes,
A SET activity,
OF neutrophils,
and influx
DISEASE
Mucous
Chemical
of tissue
phagocytic
membranes
mediators
macrophages)
cells into Physiological barrier
RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
internalize
Lysozyme the affected
(phagocytose),
cleaves
THAT ARE area.
bacterial
Normal flora compete with microbes kill,
cell wall. Inflammatory barrier
Interferon induce antiviral state in Phagocytosis / endocytosis
NON
for OPSONIZATION
SPECIFIC
attachment and and nutrients. IN PHAGOCYTOSIS.
site RESPONSE
uninfected cells.
digest whole
TO PARTICULAR
Complement
microorganisms.
PATHOGENor
lyses microorganisms
Mucus entraps foreign2000)
(Goldsby, microorganisms.
facilitates phagocytosis.
Cilia propel microorganisms out of body.
 INNATE IMMUNITY

IS A NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR AND HUMORAL RESPONSE THAT OPERATES

OF DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS.

EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS ARE IMMEDIATELY TAKEN UP AND

DEGRADED BY NEUTROPHILS AND MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES.

LARGE PARASITES ARE KILLED BY EOSIPHILS.

NATURAL KILLER LYMPHOCYTES KILL SOME TUMOR AND VIRALLY

INFECTED CELLS

PREEXITING SOLUBLE MEDIATORS INNATE IMMUNITY ARE NATURAL

ANTIBODIES AND SERUM COMPLEMENT COMPONENT, WHICH CAN ALSO
ATTACH TO CELL MEMBRANES OF MANY PATHOGENS
 INNATE IMMUNITY

PHAGOCYTOSIS
Recognition
CYTOLYSIS
Engulfment
Degradation

SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION

 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Specificity depend on specificity

ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
of epitope
The immune
IS A HIGHLY SPECIFIC, system is capable of
INDUCIBLE,
DIVERSITY generating tremendous diversity in its
DISCRIMINATORY,
FOUR CHARACTERISTIC AND UNFORGETTING
ATTRIBUTES: T
recognation molecules
LYMPHOCYTE-DEPENDENT RESPONSE.
1. ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
2. DIVERSITY Secondary immune response to same
3. NORMAL ADAPTIVE
IMMUNOGENIC MEMORY RESPONSES OPERATE UNDER
antigenic molecule
4. MAJORRECOGNITION
SELF-NONSELF HISTOCOMPATIBILY COMPLEX
is faster (MHC)
than primary response
RESTRICTION.
IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY
Immune system normally responds
SELF-NON SELF RECOGNATION only to foreign antigens (non self)
 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

IMMUNE RESPONSE
SELF TOLERANCE
SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION
IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
INNATE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

INNATE: - Some intensity against all antigens

- Memory : No
- Cell effector : neutrophils, M, Eo, & NK Cell
- Molecules : Complement, Lysosomal enzymes,
acute phase proteins, & interferons.

ADAPTIVE: - More rapid and intense (memory)

- Memory : Yes
- Cell effector : T and B lymphocytes
- Molecules : Cytokines, antibody
 COMPONENT OF IMMUNITY

INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

ANATOMIC BARRIERS ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY

PHYSIOLOGIC BARRIERS DIVERSITY
PHAGOCYTIC/ENDOCYTIC BARRIERS IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
INFLAMMATORY BARRIERS SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION
 ANTIGEN VS IMMUNOGEN
ANTIGEN
ACTUALLY REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF MOLECULE TO BE RECOGNIZED BY AN
IMMUNOGLOBULIN OR T CELL RECEPTOR AND HENCE TO SERVE AS THE TARGET
OF A RESPONSE

ANTIGENICITY
IS ABILITY TO COMBINE SPECIFICALLY WITH THE FINAL PRODUCTS OF THE
IMMUNE RESPONSES
(AB &/OR CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS)

IMMUNOGEN
REFERSE OF MOLECULES OR COLLECTION OF MOLECULES THAT CAN INDUCE AN
IMMUNE RESPONSE IN PARTICULAR HOST

IMMUNOGENICITY
IS THE ABILITY TO INDUCE A HUMORAL AND / OR CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 EPITOPE OR
ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

DISCRITE SITE ON THE MACROMOLECULES

THE IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE REGIONS OF AN IMMUNOGEN THAT
BIND TO ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC MEMBRANE RECEPTORS ON LYMPHOCYTES OR TO
SECRETED ANTIBODY

Ab binds to an epitope by weak non covalent interactions,

which operate only short distances
 IMMUNOGENECITY
FACTORS

FOREIGNNESS
MOLECULES IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES SELF
MOLECULES MATURE LYMPHOCYTES NON SELF

MOLECULAR SIZE
THE BEST IMMUNOGENS TEND TO HAVE MOLECULAR MASS APPROACHING 100,000 DALTON
A MOLECULARS LESS THAN 10,000 DALTON ARE POOR IMMUNOGENS

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & COMPLEXITY

DEPENDS ON SUM OF DIFFERENT AMINO ACID
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE PROTEINS MORE COMPLEX THAN PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY PROTEINS

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIGEN PROCESSING & PRESENTATION

LARGE INSOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES ARE MORE READILY PHAGOCYTOSED & PROCESSED
ENZYME IN APC CAN DEGRADE ONLY L-AMINO ACID, BUT D-AMINO ACID CAN NOT BE PROCESSED
 HAPTENS

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIGENIC BUT NOT

IMMUNOGENIC

CHEMICAL COUPLING OF HAPTEN TO LARGE PROTEIN CALLED CARRIER

HAPTEN-CARRIER CONJUGATE, TO CREATE NEW EPITOPE

IMMUNOGENIC
 THEORY OF IMMUNITY
EHRLICHS CONCEPT (1900)
SELECTIVE THEORY
THE SIDE-CHAIN SPECIFICITY WAS DETERMINED BEFORE
ITS EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN

FRIEDRICH BREINL FELIX HAUROWITZ (1930)

INTRUCTIONAL THEORY
A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN WOULD SERVE AS TEMPLETE
AROUND WHICH ANTIBODY WOULD FOLD

NIELS JERNE, DAVID TALMADGE & F MACFARLANE BURNET (1950)

CLONAL-SELECTION THEORY
AN INDIVIDUAL LYMPHOCYTE EXPRESSES MEMBRANE
RECEPTORS THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR A DISTINCT
ANTIGEN