Chapter 7

Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics

Section 7.1Forms of Energy
The total energy of a system is defined as the sum of:
Kinetic energy
Energy due to translational motion
Typically negligible because the operation itself would have to be in motion
Potential energy
Energy due to height or position
Internal energy
Energy contained within the system
e.g. kinetic energy of molecules, vibrational and rotational energy of molecules, etc.
Closed Systems
A closed system is one in which no mass is transferred across its
boundaries
Energy can therefore be transferred between system and
surroundings in two distinct ways:
Heat
Result of a temperature gradient
Defined as positive when transferred to system from the surroundings
Work
Energy transferred in any other manner other than a temperature difference
e.g. a moving piston, torque, voltage, etc.
Defined as positive when it is done by the system on the surroundings
Section 7.2Kinetic and Potential Energy
Kinetic energy is defined as: Example:
Water is pumped from a storage
tank through a tube of 3.00 cm
inner diameter at the rate of
Ek = mu2 OR Ek = mu2 0.001 m3/s. What is the energy
flow rate for this stream in J/s?
Potential Energy
Potential energy is defined as:
Ep = mgz OR Ep = mgz
Example
Water is pumped from one
reservoir to another 300 ft away.
The water level in the second
reservoir is 40 ft above the water
level of the first reservoir. What is
the increase in potential energy of
the water in Btu?
Energy Balances on Closed Process
In a closed system A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable
process, 60 Btu of piston. The initial gas temperature is 25 C. The
heat is added to cylinder is placed in boiling water with the piston
the system, and held in a fixed position. Heat in the amount of 2.00
the internal kcal is transferred to the gas, which equilibrates at
energy of the 100 C (and a higher pressure).
system increases The piston is then released, and the gas does 100 J of
by 220 Btu. work in moving the piston to its new equilibrium
Calculate the work position. The final gas temperature is 100 C. Write
of the process. the energy balance equation for each of the two
stages of the process and neglect the change in
potential energy of the gas as the piston moves
vertically.
Section 7.4Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
For these systems mass is crossing system boundaries at a certain
flow rate; therefore, work must be done to accomplish this
Two types of work to be discussed:
Shaft work (work done on a moving part within the system)
Ws
Flow work (the net rate of work done at the system outlet and inlet)
Wfl
The work described here is PV (pressure/volume) work
Section 7.4cThe Steady-State Open-System
Energy Balance
Ultimately relies on the first law of thermodynamics
Input = Output

H + Ek + Ep = Q Ws

Terms cancel under the same conditions as closed system

Section 7.4bSpecific Properties and
Enthalpy
Technically a specific property is obtained by dividing an extensive
property by the total amount of that property
Ex: heat capacity vs. specific heat capacity
Symbolized by using a above whatever property is being discussed
Ex: or
H=m
Specific Enthalpy and the Open System
Energy Balance
One term that occurs in the open system energy balance is change in
enthalpy, H
In terms of specific properties: = + PV

Example: The specific internal energy of helium at 300 K and 1 atm is

3800 J/mol, and the specific molar volume at the same temperature
and pressure is 24.63 L/mol. Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium
at this temperature and pressure, and the rate at which enthalpy is
transported by a stream of helium at 300 K and 1 atm with a molar
flow rate of 250 kmol/hr.
Section 7.5Tables of Thermodynamic Data
In the previous example the and V were given; however, this is a
very unlikely scenario. Most of the times these values will need to be
determined using a table of values
Much like using a table to determine G, H, or S
The tables take advantage of the fact that and are state
properties
The tables can be found in Tables B.5 through B.8 in the back of the textbook
All of these values rely on a reference state for their determination
What is the reference state for H values from AP Chem?