WASHING

To remove fixer from film

Running water is used
Flow of water 4-8 times the volume of tanks
Cascade method when number or film are put fixer, each film is first
placed in the drain end of the tank, then progressively moved
towards the inlet of water. Those ensure the fresh water wash for the
last film.
Temperature very important
Best result at 63F-70F
 Film Processing

Types of Processing
1. Manual
2. Semi Automatic
3. Automatic
Stop Wash
Dev. Fix Dryer
Bath Running Water

o Developer - converts latent image into manifest image (10-12 Min- Agitate)
o Stop Bath Removes Excess Developer (10-15 Sec)
o Fixer -Clean the film of unexposed, undeveloped AgBr crystals, promotes archival quality (5 Min
o Wash rid the film of residual chemicals
o Wetting the film to swell the emulsion
Note :For manual processing a floating thermometer, a timer and the time -temperature chart are essential.
 Radiography Techniques

Selection of Technique based on

o Test Object material/thickness/configuration

o Weld/Casting/Forging/Assembled part

o Anticipate location and nature of discontinuities

o Critical and vulnerable locations

o Sensitivity level required

o Accessibility of Film
 Radiography Techniques

Types of Techniques
Single wall Single Image (SWSI)
o Flat Surfaces/Plates/sheets/Large Pipe Joints (Dia> 8)
o Film Inside, Source Outside

Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) Panoramic

o Film Outside, Source Inside

Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

o Film Outside, source outside (External Exposure), Dia of Pipe > 3inch

Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

o Film Outside, source outside (Elliptical Exposure), Dia of Pipe <3inch
For Panaromic, Multiple films are used and films must be same type
One Inch film to be overlapped with other
Single Shot, No of IQI to be calculated
 Double Wall Single Image Double Wall Double Image

SOD=Pipe Dia

Source Outside, Film Outside

Source Outside, Film Outside
Source Displacement Angle
= 360 /n where n is odd, n= no of shots = Exposing Time will be double
180 /n where n is even
Only 2 Shots required
(OD/ID > 1.4)x1.7 = XX shots
(OD/ID < 1.4) =2 shots Elliptical image will be observed
OD Outer Diameter, ID Inner Diameter
For Example
OD= 50mm, t=12.5, ID = 25 N=?
(OD/ID > 1.4)x1.7 =3.4 ~ 4 Shots