Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
SCADA
Controlled plant
Communication system
Substation Automation
Feeder monitoring and control
Load Management
Automated Meter reading
Trouble call management
Load Survey & Energy audit and so on
IT IN SYSTEM OPERATION
Feeder Monitoring and Control
Trippings and breakdowns in general and in
rural areas in particular is a matter of serious
concern which causes prolonged
interruptions and consumer unrest and the
same can be addressed through feeder
monitoring
Automation of the feeder control can be taken
up using Auto reclosures near the breakers
and sectionalisers in the line
IT IN SYSTEM OPERATION
Feeder Monitoring and Control
For any transient fault in the line, the auto
reclosure first trips and then closes after a set
time
Sectionalisers help us in isolating the fault
during permanent faults and the supply can
be restored for the rest of the line
IT IN SYSTEM OPERATION
Operation of SCADA requires a good
Communication system for which the options
available are
Public switched telephone networks
Power line carrier communication
Radio frequency (RF) point-to point/ point-to-
multipoint communications
IT IN SYSTEM OPERATION
Optical fibers
VSAT
Ethernet
Choose a judicious system considering the
functionality and costs
IT in Metering System
Metering technologies have evolved over a
period of time starting from electromechanical
meters to static meters and later on to the smart
meters
The capabilities of meters range from simple
recording of energy to communication of
recorded energy to either a data collecting
device or a billing computer through an
appropriate communication system.
Smart meters not only record energy, display
the price signals given by the utility but can also
run the appliances in the home as per the
programme given by the user to optimise the
costs.
Static (Electronic) Energy Meters
The static energy meters are micro processor
based. The programmability of micro processor
is useful to incorporate different features like
tamper data, import-export, time-of day
metering, load pattern analysis, remote meter
reading.
Tamper Data: Data pertaining to tamper such
as missing potential, CT polarity reversal,
phase sequence reversal can be detected.
Static Energy Meters (cont.)
Time of day metering: The meters have
built in real time clock to record energy usage
for different times of the day in different
registers in the meter.
Day is divided into different time zones, the
duration of each time zone is programmable
and the user can define their time zones as
per their requirement. The meter records the
energy consumed in each of the time zones
separately and exhibits accordingly. For all
HT &EHT consumers in TN & Kerala this is
done.
Static Energy Meters (cont.)
Meter
compliant to
AMI (
Smart
meter)
Meter Data
Management
System Home Area network
IT to Reduce AT&C Losses
IT is an important tool to analyze the total
input into the system by collecting the meter
reading data from all the boundary metering
points
The billed units and billed demand are
collected from the server. The collected
amounts are also gathered from the server.
The difference of the collected amount
against the billing demand represents the
AT&C losses
ENERGY LOSSES IN THE POWER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Technical Losses Commercial Losses
11 kV line losses. Theft by direct tapping.
Distribution transformer Theft by tampering meters,
losses (iron and copper CTs and PTs.
losses)
LT line losses. Non-performing meters.
Losses due to loose jumper Under-performing meters.
connections.
Short circuit and earth fault Meters not read.
losses.
Losses in service mains Mistakes in billing, etc.
and energy meters.
DETERMINATION OF TECHNICAL
LOSSES ON THE 11 KV FEEDER
Technical losses on the 11 kV feeder are
assessed by conducting load flow analysis of
the individual 11 kV feeders including
distribution transformer and LT distribution
losses.
Steady state model of the network is used to
find technical losses
DETERMINATION OF TECHNICAL
LOSSES ON THE 11 KV FEEDER
The loads are considered to be of constant
impedance.
Load Factor of a transformer is evaluated by
computing the energy input to the transformer
and the peak load on the transformer and the
hours for which the transformer is in service
ENERGY LOSSES IN THE
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Loss Load Factor is computed by using the formula
LLF = 0.3 (LF) + 0.7 (LF)