ELEVATOR

CANDIDATE NAME
NAME ENROLLMENT NUMBER
Nisarg A. Shah 156440320038
Hemal M. Sinroja 156440320041
Urvesh J. Karli 156440320012
Tilak M. Mehta 156440320016
Deep G. Panchal 156440320021
 PROJECT CONCEPT
WHAT IS ELEVATOR?
An elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently
moves people or goods between floors of a building. They are
generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction
cables and counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise
a cylindrical piston.

HISTORY OF ELEATOR
The first reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman
architect Vitruvius.
In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in
the palace buildings of England and France.
 .
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab
if the cable broke.
In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and
close safely.
The first electric elevator was constructed by the German engineer Werner von
Siemens in 1880.
In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later
named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed.
Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders. The
invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in
elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger
elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter
Palace in 1793.
 .
Elevator design by the German engineer Konrad Kyeser (1405)
 DESIGN
Some argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is
essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical
means. A modern day lift consists of a cab mounted on a platform within
an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, lift
drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In
a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a
deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The
weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts
always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each
other's counterweight.

The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction
which gives this type of lift its name.
Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense
of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston
to raise and lower the car. Roped hydraulics use a combination of
both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent
innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-
less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of

factors. Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater
than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways.
For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be
employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.
 COMPONENTS LIST AND ITS WORKING

LIST OF COMPONENTS 8. Angle plate

1. 220 AC Synchronous motor 9. Base plate
2. Relay (2) Plate
10. Proximity Sensors
3. Pulley
4. Rope
5. Microcontroller board
6. circuit diagram
7. switch
 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
WORKING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR :-

Electrical motor in general is an electro-mechanical device that

converts energy from electrical domain to mechanical domain. Based on
the type of input we have classified it into single phase and 3 phase
motors. Among 3 phase motors, induction motors and synchronous
motors are more widely used. When a 3 phase electric conductors are
placed in a certain geometrical positions then an electrical fieldis
generated. Now the rotating magnetic field rotates at a certain speed,
that speed is called synchronous speed.
Now if an electromagnet is present in this rotating magnetic field, the
electromagnet is magnetically locked with this rotating magnetic field
and rotates with same speed of rotating field.
 SYNCHOROUS MOTOR USED IN ELEVATORS
The stator carries windings connected to an AC supply to produce a rotating
magnetic field. At synchronous speed the rotor poles lock to the rotating
magnetic field. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are similar to brushless
DCmotors. ... Permanent magnet motors have been used as gearless elevator
motors since 2000.
A new gearless brushless synchronous motor range, engineered specifically for
the lift/elevator market, which has a factory fitted brake and traction sheave.
Compact in size, this is a fully integrated motive power solution.
The motors employ the latest permanent magnet motor technology and are
efficient and quiet. This is complemented by the elimination of losses arising from
the use of gears. They are Directive 95/16/EC EN 81-1 compliant and TV verified,
and offer torques up to 660Nm at low speeds, and payload capabilities ranging
from 240kg to 1275kg (from three to 17 people).
The range is available as single and three phase units, has plant .
speeds of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.6 metres/second with motor speeds of
90 to 300 min-1 (roping 2:1) and 45 to 150 min-1 (roping 1:1).
Power ranges are from 1.4kW to 17.6kW.
 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use
an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating
principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in
from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.
 POLE AND THROW TYPE RELAY USED IN
ELEVATOR:-
SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A contact
or make contact. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total.
SPST-NC (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays have a single Form
B or break contact. As with an SPST-NO relay, such a relay has four terminals in total.
SPDT (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays have a single set of Form C, break before
make or transfer contacts. That is, a common terminal connects to either of two others,
never connecting to both at the same time. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a
total of five terminals.
DPST Double-Pole Single-Throw relays are equivalent to a pair of SPST switches or
relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total of six
terminals. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each; the
designations NO and NC should be used to resolve the ambiguity).
DPDT Double-Pole Double-Throw relays have two sets of Form C contacts. These are
equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil
The S (single) or D (double) designator for the pole count may be
.
replaced with a number, indicating multiple contacts connected to a
single actuator. For example, 4PDT indicates a four-pole double-
throw relay that has 12 switching terminals.
 PULLEY
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support
movement and change of direction of a taut cable. The supporting
shells are called blocks.
A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may have
a groove or grooves between two flanges around its circumference.
The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt,
or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove or grooves.
 ROPE AND PULLEY SYSTEM
A rope and pulley systemthat is, a block and tackleis characterised
by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around
one or more pulleys to lift or move a loadthe rope may be a light line or
a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple
machines identified by Renaissance scientists.
A rope and pulley systemthat is, a block and tackleis characterised
by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around
one or more pulleys to lift or move a loadthe rope may be a light line or
a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple
machines identified by Renaissance scientist.
.
.
 MICROCONTROLLER BOARD
A single-board microcontroller is a microcontroller built onto a
single printed circuit board. This board provides all of the circuitry
necessary for a useful control task: a microprocessor, I/O circuits,
a clock generator, RAM, stored program memory and any necessary
support ICs. The intention is that the board is immediately useful to
an application developer, without requiring them to spend time and
effort to develop controller hardware.
 INPUT & OUTPUT
Microcontroller systems provide multiple forms of input and output signals
to allow application software to control an external "real-world" system.
Discrete digital I/O provides a single bit of data (on or off). Analog signals,
representing a continuous variable range, such as temperature or pressure, can
also be inputs and outputs for microcontrollers.

PROGRAMMING
Many early systems had no internal facilities for programming, and relied on a
separate "host" system for this task. This programming was typically done
in assembly language, or sometimes in C or PL/M, and then cross-assembled
or cross-compiled on the host. Some single-board microcontrollers support a
BASIC language system, allowing programs to be developed on the target
hardware. Hosted development allows all the storage and peripherals of a
desktop computer to be used, providing a more powerful development
environment.
 SINGLE-BOARD MICROCONTROLLER

It is now cheap and simple to design circuit boards for

microcontrollers. Development host systems are also cheap,
especially when using open source software. Higher level
programming languages abstract details of the hardware, making
differences between specific processors less obvious to the
application programmer. Rewritable flash memory has replaced
slow programming cycles, at least during program development.
Accordingly, almost all development now is based on cross-
compilation from personal computers and programs are
downloaded to the controller board through a serial-like interface,
usually appearing to the host as a USB device.
 TYPES OF SWITCH
Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)
Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)
Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)
Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)
Push Button Switch
Toggle Switch
Limit Switch
Float Switches
Flow Switches
Pressure Switches
Temperature Switches
Joystick Switch
Rotary Switches
 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH
A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are
typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The
surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human
finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons
are most often biased switches, although many un-biased
buttons (due to their physical nature) still require a spring to
return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different
terms for the "pushing" of the button, such
as press, depress, mash, hit, and punch.
 USES
The "push-button" has been utilized in calculators, push-button
telephones, kitchen appliances, and various other mechanical and
electronic devices, home and commercial. In industrial and
commercial applications, push buttons can be connected together
by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button
causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop button
can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is
used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process
has no electrical circuits for control.
 LIST OF SENSORS
Proximity Sensors.
Temperature Sensor.
IR Sensor.
Ultrasonic Sensor.
Touch Sensor.
Pressure Sensor.
Level Sensors.
Smoke and Gas Sensors.
 PROXIMITY SENSORS
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of
nearby objects without any physical contact.
 TYPES OF ELEVATOR

Hydraulic Elevators.
Traction Elevators.
Climbing elevators.
Pneumatic Elevators.
 HYDRAULIC ELEVTORS
Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston
that travels inside a cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil
into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston
smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release
of the oil for a gentle descent.
 TRACTION ELEVATOR
Traction elevators are the most common type
of elevators. Elevatorcars are pulled up by means of rolling steel
ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in
the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight
since 1900.
 CLIMBING ELEVATOR
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own
propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a
combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or
towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these
constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance.
 PNEUMATIC ELEVATOR
An elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve
on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the
valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A diaphragm or a
piston is used as a "brake", if there's a sudden increase in pressure
above the cab. To go down, it opens the valve so that the air can
pressurize the top of the "shaft", allowing the cab to go down by its
own weight. This also means that in case of a power failure, the cab
will automatically go down. The "shaft" is made of acylic, and is
always round due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine. In
order to keep the air inside of the cab, rubber seals are used. Due
to technical limitations, these elevators have a low capacity, they
usually allow 13 passengers and up to 525 lbs.
.

Mechatronics
Tilak M. Mehta
Nisarg A. Shah 156440320016
156440320038 8347907827
9979609191 K41
K42 Urvesh J. Karli
Hemal M. Sinroja 156440320012
156440320041 9574525221
9512696603 K41
K42
Deep P. Panchal
156440320021
9714395112
K41
THANK YOU