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Composition of protoplasm
Inorganic Organic
water Carbohydrates
minerals Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Elements of protoplasm Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O)
A C
B
X D
Atom
Proton + charge mass =1
Neutron 0 charge mass = 1
Electron charge mass = 0
Chemical bonds
Ionic bonds give and take electrons on the valence orbits
Covalent bonds share electrons on the valence orbits
Valence orbit outer most orbit not filled to capacity with electrons
11 P = 11 17 P = 17
Na e = 11 Cl e = 17
no charge no charge
Valence orbits
17 P = 17
11 P = 11
Negative ion Cl e = 18
Na e = 10 Positive ion
-1 charge
+1 charge
Na+ Cl-
These will attract each
other and form
NaCl = Salt
Covalent Bond sharing electrons to fill valence orbits
Configuration = 1
If it can get another atom to share 1 here
x
x
Will share any 2 of the 6 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 2 here
Configuration = 2,6
Nitrogen 3 covalent bonds
x
Will share any 3 of the 5 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 3 here
x
Configuration = 2,5
x x
Will share 4 of the 4 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 4 here
x
Configuration = 2,4
Example - H2O
H O H
x
x x
x
RESULT
HOH
Chemical bonds