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Biochemistry

Matter anything that occupies space and has mass


Energy ability of matter to do work

Protoplasm living matter

Living able to survive in the present and future


Present Metabolism able to provide energy
Irritability able to respond to stimuli

Future Reproduction - able to produce more individuals

Composition of protoplasm

Inorganic Organic
water Carbohydrates
minerals Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Elements of protoplasm Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O)
A C

B
X D

X = Symbol of the element

A= What it is = Number of protons = Atomic Number


IDENTITY
B = How much = number of protons PLUS neutrons = Mass Number
ISOTOPE
C = What it does = number of electrons = Ionic Number
ION
D = number of atoms used
Organization of protoplasm

Atom
Proton + charge mass =1
Neutron 0 charge mass = 1
Electron charge mass = 0

Chemical bonds
Ionic bonds give and take electrons on the valence orbits
Covalent bonds share electrons on the valence orbits

Valence orbit outer most orbit not filled to capacity with electrons

Capacities 1st orbit 2 electrons


2nd orbit 8 electrons
3rd orbit 8 electrons
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond Give and take electrons to fill valence orbits

11 P = 11 17 P = 17
Na e = 11 Cl e = 17
no charge no charge

Valence orbits

17 P = 17
11 P = 11
Negative ion Cl e = 18
Na e = 10 Positive ion
-1 charge
+1 charge

Na+ Cl-
These will attract each
other and form

NaCl = Salt
Covalent Bond sharing electrons to fill valence orbits

Hydrogen 1 covalent bond


Will share this one

Configuration = 1
If it can get another atom to share 1 here
x

Oxygen 2 covalent bonds

x
Will share any 2 of the 6 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 2 here
Configuration = 2,6
Nitrogen 3 covalent bonds

x
Will share any 3 of the 5 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 3 here
x

Configuration = 2,5

Carbon 4 covalent bonds

x x
Will share 4 of the 4 VALENCE
electrons to get other atoms to share
x 4 here
x

Configuration = 2,4
Example - H2O

H O H
x
x x
x

RESULT

HOH
Chemical bonds

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