Infrastruktur sanitasi

Jamban Tangki Septik

IRAP
 Jamban

Apa Konstruksi

Jenis-jenis Pemeliharaan

Perencanaan Tambahan
Defecation
 APA

Jamban ?
Jamban cubluk?
Jamban cubluk berventilasi?
Jamban leher angsa?
Perbedaannya?????

C
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) toilet
Diperlukan
ventilasi
Air hanya untuk
membasuh
Akses untuk
memperbaiki
dan
pengambilan
sludge
Sludge diambil 5
thn sekali
Ventilated Improved Double Pit (VIDP) toilet

Masa pakai 2 tahun

Untuk daerah
dengan air
permukaan cukup
tinggi
Penggalian tidak
boleh terlalu dalam
Double-nit VIP latrine
Beberapa Layout double pit
Multiple double-pit VIP latrine
Composting/urine diversion (UD) toilet
Pemisahan
antara urin
dan faeces
Urin pupuk
Faeces
komposting
Wet systems-Pour-flush toilet
Jamban leher
angsa
Fungsi leher
angsa?
Double-pit offset pour-flush latrine
Moving the discharge pipe of an offset pour-flush
latrine to a new pit
Connecting a number of pour-flush
latrines to a common pit
Conservancy tank
Aqua-privy and soakaway
Membutuhkan
air untuk
menyiram
Memerlukan
keahlian untuk
membuatnya
 HOUSEHOLD LATRINE
With Pit or Septic Tank Disposal
Advantage Disadvantage
Household latrines high level Pit latrines in urban areas will
of convenience have long term effect on
Vent pipes reduce smell and, groundwater.
if screened, discourage flies. Septic tanks and sewerage
Lined pits require reliable water supply.
reduce risk of collapse, Septic tanks require an
improve emptying and have emptying and disposal
the possibility of upgrading. system.
Septic tanks reduce :
groundwater contamination,
permanent
possibility of upgrading.
Composting systems (Ecosan
variations) reduce:
risk of groundwater
contamination
suitable for poor ground
conditions
provide some economic
benefit.
 HOUSEHOLD TOILET
With Off-site Conventional Sewer System
With Off-site Small-bore (small pipe) Sewer
System (solid free)
 With Off-site Condominial (shallow) Sewer
System
Advantages:
Small diameter pipes at
shallow depths reduces cost
over conventional sewerage
systems.
Utility maintains main sewer
pipes only and community
maintains local network.
High service level, suitable for
high density communities.
Disadvantages:
Cost remains a problem for
low-income communities.
Reliability of water services is
essential.
Problems of downstream
waste management remain for
the utility.
 SHARED HOUSEHOLD LATRINES
On or off-site disposal
Advantages:
Cheaper to construct than individual household
latrines;
Can be used in areas where crowding prevents
household solutions.
Disadvantages:
Maintenance is often problematic.
Not used by all members of the community.
Distance may be a factor affecting convenience
and therefore use.
Principles:
Designed for use by a defined group of
households.
PUBLIC LATRINES/TOILETS
On or off-site disposal
 Ventilasi
Ventilation In a pour-flush latrine

Ventilation In a VIP latrine

X
 Pencahayaan

Untuk pit latrine sebaiknya gelap agar

tidak menarik perhatian lalat
Sebaiknya pintu bangunan jamban atau
ventilasi menghadap barat atau timur.
Mengapa????
 Material
Privacy screens made from cheap locally available materials
 Prinsip Perhitungan Pit Latrine

The pit should have sufficient storage capacity for

all the sludge that will accumulate during its
operational life or before its planned emptying.
At the end of the pit's operational life there should
still be sufficient space left for the contents to be
covered with a sufficient depth of soil to prevent
surface contamination with pathogenic organisms
(soil seal depth).
There should be sufficient wall area available at
all times to enable any liquid in the pit to infiltrate
the surrounding soil.
The storage volume required to accommodate the sludge that
accumulates in the pit during its operational life can be calculated from:
V=NxPxR
where
V= the effective volume of the pit (m)
N = the effective life of the pit (years)
P = the average number of people who use the pit each day
R = the estimated sludge accumulation rate for a single person (m per
year).Once the effective volume of the pit has been calculated, the plan
area is decided.
This should be based on local preference, ground conditions and
construction materials, and is generally circular or rectangular in shape.
Note that only the area inside the lining is utilized for sludge accumulation,
not the excavated area.
 Contoh
A family of six intends to dig a pit latrine with an operational life of 20
years. The family uses newspaper and corncobs for anal cleaning, and
sullage is disposed of separately.
Sludge volume?
V=NxPxR

The values of N and P are given (20 years and 6 people) but the sludge
accumulation rate (R) is not
The accumulation rate cannot be determined without some knowledge of
the depth to the water table. Assuming this is greater than the likely pit
depth, an accumulation rate of 90L/year is used (see Table 5.3).
Sludge volume = 6 x 20 x (90/1000) (1 m = 1000 1itres) = 10.8 m
If it is found that the pit does enter the groundwater, then the calculation
should be done again using the appropriate sludge accumulation rate
(601/year, from Table 5.3).

The pit will be rectangular, with internal dimensions of 1.2 m by 2.0 m.

Thus the depth required for sludge is:
(10.8/1.2x2.0) = 4.5
Suggested maximum sludge accumulation
rates (litres per person per year)
 Decision tree for
excreta disposal in
refugee camps
A trench defecation field with guidance
markers1
Shallow trench latrine1
Deep trench latrine1
 Tangki Septik

Apa Konstruksi

Jenis-jenis Pemeliharaan

Perencanaan Tambahan
Potongan Memanjang
Typical Design
 Lingkup

sanitary plumbing fixtures connected to

drain pipes that enable sewage and sullage
wastes to be
conveyed from the fixtures to the tank,
a pumping sump,
a sewage treatment tank,
a distribution box,
an effluent disposal system,
a surface and subsurface effluent irrigation
or disposal system.
 Persyaratan
Scum zone Yang mengganggu efektivitas
Detention zone any storm water : roof and
Minimum 24 jam60-70% rainwater tank overflow, and
Suspended Solid mengendap surface drainage waters,
30% BOD any backflush waters from a
Sludge Zone swimming pool or water
softener,
any sanitary napkin, clothing
or plastic material or liner,
any petrol or other flammable
or explosive substance
whether solid, liquid or gas,
any disinfectant or deodorant,
antiseptic or germicide
powder or fluid, unless
specifically
 Perhitungan sederhana
Design a septic tank suitable for a household with up to eight occupants in a
low-density housing area in which the houses have full plumbing, all household
wastes go to the septic tank and the nominal water supply is 200 l per person
per day. Water is used for anal cleaning and the ambient temperature is not less
than 25C for most of the year.

Volume of liquid entering the tank each day

A=Pxq
A = volume of liquid to be stored in the septic tank
P = number of people using the tank
q = sewage flow = 90% of the daily water consumption per person (Q).
q = 0.9 x Q = 0.9 x 200 = 180 litres per person per day.
Therefore A = 8 x 180 = 1440 litres
The volume of sludge and scum is given by
B=PxNxFxS
where
B = volume of sludge and scum
P = number of people using the tank
N = period between desludgings
F = sizing factor (see Table 6.2)
S = sludge and scum accumulation rate (see Chapter 6)
Assume N is 3 years; from Table 6.2, F= 1.0;
as all wastes go to septic tank S = 401 per person per year.

S = the rate of sludge and scum accumulation which may be taken as 25 litres
per person per year for tanks receiving WC waste only, and 40 litres per
person per year for tanks receiving WC waste and sullage.
 Perhitungan
B = 8 x 3 x 1.0 x 40 = 960 litres
Total tank volume = A + B = 1440 + 960 = 2400 litres (2.4 m)
Assume liquid depth = 1.5 m
Assume tank width is W m

Assume two compartments, length of first = 2W

length of second = W
Volume of tank (V) = 1.5 x (2W + W) x W = 4.5 W
Thus 4.5
W = 2.4 m
W = 0.73
Therefore:
width of tank = 0.73 m
length of first compartment = 1.46 m
length of second compartment = 0.73 m
Depth of tank from floor to soffit of cover slab
= liquid depth + freeboard
= 1.5 + 0.3
= 1.8 m

Capacity
shall be calculated using
the depth (D)
Operating Depth
Shape
cylindrical or rectangular,
Inlet Fitting
Outlet fitting
Provision for Scum
Access Opening Covers
Inspection Covers
Partition Walls/baffles
the effective capacity of
the first chamber is twice
that ofthe second chamber
Septic Tank Venting
Konstruksi
Air Gap
220mm for septic tanks
less than or equal to 5000
litres capacity,
300mm for septic tanks
between 5000 - 10000
litres capacity,
400mm for septic tanks
greater than 10000 litres
capacity.
Access Openings
Rectangular : 900mm x
500mm
Cylindrical : 500mm in
diameter.
Potongan memanjang dan melintang
REPRESENTATIVE SOIL PERMEABILITY FOR VARIOUS SOIL
CLASSIFICATIONS
SETBACK DISTANCES TO SURFACE
FEATURE
 Dispersal of pollution from its source

L : Source of pollution : pit latrine, septic tank, soakaway

A : Pollution cone
B : groundwater <3 m depth
C : The cone of chemical pollution continues to spread until about 25 metres from the source,
and then gradually reduces to almost nothing at a distance of about 100 metres.
Desludging
Protecting a hand pump from the pollution
from a pit latrine
 Difficult ground conditions
Raised pit latrine Mound latrine