COMPILED BY: CHARLENE F.

SORIANO, RMT
 The ability of a living thing to reproduce is what we
call REPRODUCTION.

Sexual reproduction requires FERTILIZATION which

is the union of 2 cells from 2 individual organisms
resulting to fertilized egg or ZYGOTE.
Cell Cycle
Involves all cyclic changes which takes place in the cell
when it has to prepare for cell division and when it
divides.

A chain of events involving cell growth and cell

division that produces two new daughter cells.
 CELL
CYCLE

INTERPHASE M- PHASE OR
MITOTIC PHASE
INTERPHASE

G1 PHASE OR GAP 1
PHASE

S PHASE OR SYNTHETIC
PHASE

G2 PHASE OR GAP 2 PHASE

INTERPHASE
Longest part of the cell cycle which is the period
between the end of one mitosis (telophase) and
initiation of another phase (prophase).

The cell grows and DNA is replicated.

Has full of activities inside the cell without seeing from

the outside.
G1 PHASE
The cell has to prepare for S PHASE.
Protein synthesis that requires RNA (HISTONE)
Accumulation of proteins
ATP productions

EVERYTHING IS JUST ACCUMULATED so the cell

can enter the S PHASE.

The cell has 2n number of chromosomes (2 sets)

G1 PHASE
Cell growth and MATURATION
Immediately follows the end of a previous mitotic
division
Longest period characterized by growth of newly
produced cell undergoing internal chemical changes
preparing for DNA REPLICATION.
S PHASE
DNA is going to replicate

CENTROSOME IS DUPLICATED.
The 2 centrosome will give rise to mitotic spindle .

WHEN REPLICATION IS FINISHED THIS PHASE IS

COMPLETED.

Dna is doubled = 4n
REMEMBER ;)
MITOTIC SPINDLE- apparatus that orchestrate s the
movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Centrioles- are the pair of rod shaped objects in

animals centrosome. It helps in organizaing cell
division. And not present in the centrosomes of
Eukaryotic species like plants and most fungi.

Centrosome is an organelle that is the main place

where cell microtubules are organized. They occur
only in animal cells.
G2 PHASE
Protein synthesis is required AGAIN.
Proteins would help spindle fiber formation
Organelle duplicated or new organelles formed.
ATP synthesis is required
G2 PHASE
Following replication , when the cell prepares for
division.

Replication of centrioles and their movement to a

position such that there is a pair at either end of the
nucleus.
M- PHASE OR
MITOTIC PHASE

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis
M- PHASE OR MITOTIC
PHASE
Multi step process during which the duplicated
chromosomes are aligned , separated, and move to
opposite poles of the cell, and then are divided into
new identical daughter cell.
Nuclear division mechanism assures that daughter
cells will have the same chromosome number as the
parent cell.
Growth in multicellular organism is chiefly by
multiplication of cells

One cell = 2n / another cell = 2n

M- PHASE OR MITOTIC PHASE

Active during
embryonic development
Growth
Repair of injury
Replacement of body covering
Malignant growth ( tumors or cancers)

Duration depends on ?
- Species of an organism
- -age of an individual
- -particular tissue involved
- -temperature
KARYOKINESIS
The KARYO (NUCLEUS) will divide.

1st thing to happen in M-PHASE

CYTOKINESIS
Division of cytoplasm.
 When cells are already divided and has their own set of
dna , and had already reached their mature phase,
they are now ready to enter THE G ZERO PHASE.

G ZERO PHASE- are not actively preparing to divide

and cells are in quiscent (inactive) stage that occurs
when cells exit the cell cycle.

NOTE: other cells that are not or never or rarely divide

are the MATURE CARDIAC MUSCLE AND NERVE
CELLS. They permamnently stay at G ZERO.
THREE CHECKPOINTS
G1 CHECKPOINT- 1ST CHECKPOINT
In the middle of g1 and S phase
Whether all preparation for celll maturation is done or not?
Cell size okay ?
Passed if all are complete and done.
-cell size if proper

Protein accummulation is done

Is sufficient ATP is synthesized?

THREE CHECKPOINTS
G2 CHECKPOINT
DNA REPLICATION PROPER AND COMPLETE ?
ARE ALL NUMBER OF ORGANELLE PROPERLY DIVIDED?
SUFFICIENT PROTEIN ?
ATP ?
THREE CHECKPOINTS
IN METAPHASE OF MPHASE OR METAPHASE
CHECKPOINT.

The chromosome have to be arranged in the spindle

fiber in the equatorial plate.
So we are talking about the 2 chrosomes getting
separated in M PHASE.

If spindle fiber is properly attached ?

Are chromosome attached to spindle fibers ?
Are all chromosomes on equatorial plate ?
 Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
Composed of FOUR STAGES such as
-PROPHASE
-METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

FOR FAST MEMORIZATION USE PMAT

 Prophase
1st step in Mitosis
Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite
end of the cell.
Spindle fibers form between the poles.

Centrioles
Sister chromatids

Spindle fibers
PROPHASE
Chromosomes become evident in the microscope as
threadlike forms.
Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids, joined
together at the centromere.

we have two substages in PROPHASE such as

EARLY PROPHASE
LATE PROPHASE (PROMETAPHASE)
PROPHASE
EARLY PROPHASE
The DNA and its associated proteins have started to
condense.

LATE PROPHASE
Chromosomes continue to condense .
New microtubules are assembled and they move
one of two centriole pairs toward the opposite end
of the cell. The nuclear envelope starts to break up.
They attach to sister chromatids of each
chromosome.
 Prophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Spindle fibers

Centrioles

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Metaphase
2nd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle
fibers.

Centrioles

Spindle fibers
METAPHASE (MIDWAY BETWEEN)
All chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the
spindle.
Mitotic spindle is fully developed , centrosome are at
the opposite poles of the cell.
 Metaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Anaphase
3rd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin
to move to opposite ends of the cell.

Centrioles

Spindle fibers
ANAPHASE
Attachments between two sister chromatids of each
chromosome break ; the 2 are now separate
chromosomes that move to opposite spindle poles. The
genetic mterial is now halved so that each daughter
cell has the same complement of DNA as did G1 cell .
 Anaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Telophase
4th step in Mitosis
Two new nuclei form.
Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than
rods).
Mitosis ends.

Nuclei Nuclei

Chromatin
TELOPHASE
The chromosomes de condense to the to the
threadlike form. New patches of membrane fuse to
form new nuclear envelopes around them. Each
nucleus has the same chromosome number as parent
cell. New nucleolus forms and spinle disintegrates.
MITOSIS IS COMPLETED.
 Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

CYTOKINESIS
Cytoplasm divide sometime between late anaphase at
the end of telophase.
This mechanism differs among organism

A) Cell Plate formation

In most plants, cell plate and crosswall form in between the
developing plasma membranes of daughter.
Vesicles filled with wall-building materials fuse with
remnantsfrom the microtuble spindle to form a dislike
structure (cell plate)
 Cytokinesis
occurs after mitosis

Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells

each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
Cell Cycle

45
 - Cell Division

The Cell Cycle

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