EUT 440

ENGINEERS IN
SOCIETY
IR NABIL

Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

 HIRARC
.
HIRARC is a compound word, made up of 3
consecutive activities running one after the other.

The activities consist of Hazard Identification,

Risk Assessment and Risk Control.
 HIRARC
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control.

Hazard identification is the recognizing of things which may

cause injury or harm to a person.

Risk assessment is the looking at the possibility of injury or harm

occurring to a person if exposed to a hazard.

Risk control is the introduction of measures which will eliminate

or reduce the risk of a person being exposed to a hazard.
 HIRARC
Before the process of identifying any hazards
begin, it is necessary to know how to classify what
is hazard, risk and danger.

Hazard - anything that can cause harm.

Risk - a probability of harm actually being done.

Danger - the relative exposure to a hazard.

HIRARC
HIRARC process flow
 SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Human Dangerous act
Being

Machine Appliances, Process

flow, plant design

Material Materials like chemicals and

solvent

Process Way a process is conducted

Surrounding Surrounding work

environment, radiation,
vibration, noise
JKKP MALAYSIA 7 13-Oct-17
 Selecting jobs
Simple guidelines to select jobs to be analyzed:

1. Accident frequency
2. Accident severity
3. Judgement and experience (hazardous jobs)
4. Jobs with high turnover
5. New jobs
6. Non routine jobs
7. Routine jobs
 HIRARC
PERSONNEL OR HIRARC TEAM

1. COMPETENT AND TRAINED PERSONNEL IN

HAZARD ID AND RISK ASSESSMENT
AND THE LAW
( Chemical Health Risk Assessor (NIOSH)

2. HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE

3. SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

 HIRARC
Hazards can ALSO be sub-classified into HEALTH or SAFETY
HAZARDS. (we have understood the CLASSIFICATION OF
HAZARDS BEFORE)

I. Examples of HEALTH HAZARDS (health contributing hazards) are:

Physical (noise, heat, radiation, vibration, pressure, machinery,

electricity ... etc.);
Chemical (gases, vapors, acids, alkali, poisons, aerosols, irritants ...
etc.);
Biological (pathogens, fungi, other micro organisms ... etc.);
Psychosocial (stress, social problems, accidents at workplace/home, fear
of failure, retrenchment ... etc.);
Ergonomic (workplace design, layout of workstation, excessive manual
handling, design of tools ... etc.)
 HIRARC

II. Examples of SAFETY HAZARDS are:

Mechanical (cuts, entanglement ... etc);

Heights (falling objects ... etc);
Electrical (shock, burns ... etc);
Fire/Explosion (burns, injury, death ... etc);
Confined space (poisoning ... etc)
 HIRARC
Hazards can be identified through:

Risk analysis
Workplace inspection
Safety audits
Job safety analysis
Feedback from workers
Observations
Advice from specialists
Accident records
MSDS/CSDS ... etc.
 HIRARC

Risk assessment can be achieved by:

- Gathering information about each hazard

identified
- Using of the information to assess the
likelihood and consequence of each hazard
- Producing a qualitative or quantitative
risk table
QUALITATIVE HAZARDS ASSESSMENT
QUALITATIVE HAZARDS ASSESSMENT
 Risk Assessment
Prioritize: categorizing the
hazards into different groups
Note that we cannot control all
hazards due to limited resources
Select certain groups for risk
elimination, reduction and control
CONTROL
 CONTROL MEASURES

THE SCOPE:
ELIMINATION OR INACTIVATION OF A
HAZARD IN A MANNER SUCH THAT THE
HAZARD DOES NOT POSE RISK TO
WORKERS WHO HAVE TO ENTER INTO
THE AREA OR WORK ON EQUIPMENT IN
THE COURSE OF HIS WORK
 CONTROL MEASURES
ELIMINATION OR INACTIVATION CAN BE
CARRIED OUT:

- AT SOURCE , THE CLOSER THE BETTER,

APPLYING ENGINEERING CONTROLS

- AT THE PATH OF THE WORKER, BETWEEN

SOURCE AND WORKER CALLED ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL

- AT THE LEVEL OF THE WORKER, PPE, BUT

LEAST DESIRABLE
 Risk Elimination

This is the best solution, however

sometimes it is not practicable
Example
- Lead-based paint can cause lung cancer -
Solution: replace the type of the paint with
water-based paint
 CONTROL MEASURES
EXAMPLE - AT SOURCE
 RISK MINIMIZATION
Reduce the number of people exposed
to the hazard
Reduce the exposure of the hazards

Change with other types

although new safer hazards may
occur
ENGINEERING CONTROL
 Eg ENGINEERING CONTROL
Guarding moving components

Source: ILO
 Eg ENGINEERING CONTROL

Isolation

Source: ILO

Note: No single isolation method

is effective on its own. Isolation
methods should be used in
combination to minimize the Source: ILO
chance of exposure.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
IMPORTANT ORGANS TO BE PROTECTED
TYPES OF PROTECTION (PPE)
Lungs Respirators, masks

Eyes Goggles, glasses

Ears Muffs, plugs

Head Helmets, Hats

Skin Chemical resistant clothing, aprons

Hands Special gloves, rubber finger coats

Foot Work shoes, boots

Radiation Metal-linked shield, aprons

 eg HOW TO CONTROL
EMITTING CONTAMINANTS
eliminate the use of harmful products or
Elimination substances and use safer product instead.
change the process that emit less of the
substance
Minimise using:

Use safer form of products paste

Engineering Enclose the process so that the product does not escape
control Extract emission of the substance near the source

Administrative Reduce the number of workers exposed to hazards

Provide PPE
control
 HEIRARCHY IN CONTROL MEASURES
1. ELIMINATE HAZARDS
If it is not practical, then
2. SUBSTITUTE TO LESS RISK
ALTERNATIVES - MINIMIZING
If it is not practical, then
3. ISOLATE RISKS - MINIMIZING
If it is not practical, then
4. USE ENGINEERING CONTROLS
If it is not practical, then
5. USE ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROLS
If it is not practical, then
6. USE PERSONEL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMEN (PPE)
MUST ALWAYS AWARE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES TO GET BETTER CONTROL METHODS
Source: JKKP MALAYSIA
EG. CHANGE NOISY EQUIPMENT, PURCHASE PRE-CAST
ITEMS
EG. LIFT LIGHTER LOAD, USE LESS HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS, FORKLIFT FROM DEISEL POWERED TO
ELECTRIC, USE VACUUM CLEANER INSTEAD OF BROOM.
EG. ERECT PROTECTION AROUND SPILLED AREA UNTILL IT
IS CLEANED, LOCATE PHOTOCOPYING MACHINE IN
VENTILATED ROOM
EG. USE OF TROLLEY TO CARRY HEAVY OBJECTS,
INSTALLED GUARD AROUND ROTATING MACHINE
EG USE JOB ROTATION, SHORTER TASK, ENSURE
EQUIPMENT ARE MAINTAINED REGULARLY, SAFETY WORK
CULTURE, TRAINING
EG USE EYE AND NOISE PROTECTION, SAFETY HELMET,
GLOVES
29 13-Oct-17
MONITORING CONTROL
 REVIEW AND CHECK
Check the effectiveness of the safety risk
management
Review new hazards and technology
 PRINCIPLE OF RISK
MANAGEMENT
Accept and consider all risks

Make decision on the risk of most

importance (based on the level of the risk)

Manage the risks

Risk management must be integrated in

planning activities at all levels part of the
work culture THE SAFETY CULTURE
32
 Safety Culture

- Promoting safety practices

 Why do we need to understand
Safety Culture?
Recently, the focus has shifted by the
awareness of organizational, managerial and
human factors rather than technical issues.

Behavior-based Safety (BBS) approach

strong interest since 1990s

Safety Culture is a means to predict safety

performance
 Role of Safety Culture

80% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts

BBS has been applied with success to reduce
unsafe act. Participation of workers and
employers actively and buy into the process
 What is safety culture?
The safety culture of an organization is the
product of individual and group values,
attitudes, perceptions, competencies and
patterns of behavior that determine the
commitment to, and the style and proficiency
of, an organizations health and safety
management
 What is safety climate?
Its the tangible output of an organizations safety culture.
Example

- Safety culture: underlying beliefs regarding to

safety issues
- Safety climate:
The attitudes of workers which are observable
The perception of worker toward organization
atmosphere
 Role of Safety Culture

However, the problem is also at the organizational

policies and standards

Therefore, health and safety practitioners now focus on

the organizational values that might enhance risk and
crisis management and safe performance in complex and
hazardous condition.
 Characteristics of Positive Safety
Culture
Senior management commitment

Realistic and flexible customs and practices for

handling both well-defined and ill-defined hazards

Continuous organizational learning through

practices such as feedback systems, monitoring and
analyzing

A care and concern for hazards which is shared

across the workforce
 Emergent Themes in Safety Culture
INFLUENCE THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE

Management commitment to safety

Safety system put in place
Risk perception on risk
Work pressure - balance between safety and
companys economic goal
Competence factor on skill
Procedure compliance or violation
Management Commitment to Safety

Senior management
- Support safety through indirect means
Establishing safety policies and procedures
Setting production goals
- How workers perceived management actions for
safety?
- Consideration must also be given to the
middle management level.
Management Commitment to Safety

Supervisors
- The link between senior management and job floor

- Monitor worker compliance safety and provide

feedback to workers concerning their behavior
- It is measured by respondents perception of
supervisors behavior and attitudes with respect to
safety.
 Occupational Safety & Health
Management System
Encompasses aspects of OHSMS which
includes
- safety committee
- safety work procedure
- safety officer
-safety equipment
- safety policies.
 Risk
Perception of risks on workplace
- This may contribute to the workers
involvement or responsibility for safety
Attitudes toward risk and safety
- Why workers continue to take risk?
 Work Pressure
Balance between safety and production

Work pressure is becoming greater because

of global issues such as cost reduction,
organization restructuring etc
 Competence
Competence factor:
- Technical: worker skill, qualification and
knowledge
- Non-technical: leadership and decision
making
Multi-skilling must be properly applied
otherwise it is risky
 Procedures and Rules

Perception of safety rules

Attitudes to safety rules
Compliance or violation of procedures

The three factors are influenced by

supervisor behavior and work pressure
 Subculture
Subcultures present in an organization
because of an absence of cohesive culture.

- Worker and management might think

differently to make the workplace safer
 Safety Culture in Industries
Safety Culture

People Process Value

People are essential Process is the Value is the extent to

to defining the manner in which a which employees
cultural company incorporates believe that safety is
characteristics of a safety into practice a high priority of the
corporation company
 People

Top Field
Subcontractor
Management Personnel

Importance Importance Importance

Initiate Empowerment Attendance
Communication Safety Personnel Past performance
Training Pre-construction Incentives
Accountability
Top Management

- The importance that management places on safety

- Is safety a strategic concern to the company? - How

effective does management communicate safety
goals to employees in the field?

- How often management attend safety

training?
- Does management assign safety
accountability to somebody?
Field Personnel
- The level of importance field personnel and site
managers place on safety
- Whether field personnel is empowered to change
or improve safety conditions?
- Is a dedicated safety personnel used in the field?

- The level of importance placed on safety

during the engineering design, or pre-
construction
Sub-contractor relationship
- The level of importance that subcontractors place
on safety
- How often subcontractors are required to attend
safety meetings and trainings?
- The importance of subcontractors past safety
performance at tendering stage
- Amounts of incentive offered to subcontractor for
excellent safety performance
 Process

Assessment Training &

Safety Plan Incentives Disincentives
& Change Education
Involvement Feedback Dedicated time Regularity Consistency
Change Change Effectiveness Value Duration
Enforcement
 Safety Plan
- Who is involved in developing safety plan?
- How often the safety program is changed or updated
to reflect construction industry trend?
Assessment and Change
- The amount of feedback involved in the safety
program which includes management-to-personnel,
personnel-to-management and peer-to-peer feedback
- What effect does feedback on changing the safety
program?
 Safety Training and Education
- How much time in a week is spent on training?
How much safety training does new employee
receive?
- How effective time spent on training is? Is the
training tool and technique effective?
Incentive
- How often incentives are given to employees (both
field personnel and management)?
- How valuables employees believe incentive are?
 Disincentive
- The consistency of supervisors when punishing for
rule violations? Severity of punishment vs. severity
of violations?
- Amount of time before punishment?
- The degree to which safety rules are enforced when
a safety violation occurs, although there is no
accident.
 Value

Safety
BBS
Values

Importance Identification and Correction

Actions Participation
Responsibility Hazard Prevention
Length of Employment
 Safety Values
- The importance of safety to the company? -
Whether company actions portray a true
commitment to safety?
- How does the company define safety
responsibility? Is it a responsibility of safety
personnel only or every body?
- The average length of employment?
 Behavior-Based Safety (BBS): an attempt to
change unsafe behaviors to safe behavior by
involving everyone in the organization
- How often unsafe behaviors are identified and
corrected?
- How often does the upper management participate in
the safety of field personnel?
- How active is upper management when they
participate in safety?
- What level of importance is placed on work analysis,
hazard prevention and control?
 HAZARD VS DANGER
HAZARDS ID WHAT IS OSH

WHY OSH - BENEFITS

CLASSIFY HAZARDS

CONSEQUENT OF WHAT CONSTITUTE OSH

HAZARDS- HEALTH
ROUTES DIFFERENTIATE
HEALTH & SAFETY
FACTOR/EFFECT CONTROL - BREIFLY STATISTICS
LEGAL

QUALITATIVE
IMPLICATION
MORAL & ETHIC
SAFETY & HEALTH
FINANCIAL
RISK ASSESSMENT SAFETY CULTURE
- BBS
COSTS
QUANTITATIVE
HIRARC - TOOL
ACTS
STEPS IN HIRARC
OSH 1994
RISK CONTROL RISK MONITORING
FAC & MACH 1967

ELIMINATION ENGINEERING
PROVISIONS & PENALTY
MINIMIZATION ADMINSTRATIVE
 CONCLUSION
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT,
CONTROL AND REVIEW IS NOT A ONE-OFF TASK
AND THE FORGET BUT A CONTINUOUS ACTIVITY

HIRARC MUST BE DOCUMENTED EVEN IF IT IS

VERY BRIEF

HIRARC MUST BE CARRIED OUT WITH CAREFUL

ASSESSMENT ON THE PROBABILITY AND THE
EFFECTS WHILE THE PORPOSED CONTROL
MEASURES MUST MEET THE HEIRARCHY

NOTE: FINAL EXAM REVISION WEEK 14 LECT

62 13-Oct-17
Thank you