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CELL MEMBRANE

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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 Membrane Structure
The fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure has two components:

1. Phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

2. Globular Proteins inserted in the lipid
bilayer

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 Membrane Structure
Cellular membranes have 4 components:

1. Phospholipid Bilayer
2. Transmembrane Proteins
3. Interior Protein Network
4. Cell Surface Markers

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 1. Phospholipids
Phospholipid Structure (Chapter 3)

-glycerol a 3-carbon polyalcohol acting

as a backbone for the phospholipid

-2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol

-phosphate group attached to the

glycerol

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 1. Phospholipids
The fatty acids are nonpolar chains of
carbon and hydrogen.

-Their nonpolar nature makes them

hydrophobic (water-fearing).

-The phosphate group is polar and

hydrophilic (water-loving).

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 1. Phospholipids
The partially hydrophilic, partially
hydrophobic phospholipid
spontaneously forms a bilayer:
-fatty acids are on the inside
-phosphate groups are on both
surfaces of the bilayer

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 1. Phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayers are fluid:
- Hydrogen bonding of water holds the 2
layers together
- Individual phospholipids and unanchored
proteins can move laterally through the
membrane

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 1. Phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayers are fluid:
- Saturated fatty acids make the membrane
less fluid than unsaturated fatty acids
- Cholesterols make the membrane more rigid
-Warm temperatures make the membrane
more fluid than cold temperatures

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Fatty Acids

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Fluid Mosaic Model

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 2. Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins have various functions:
1. Transporters
2. Enzymes
3. Cell Surface Receptors
4. Cell Surface Identity Markers
5. Cell-to-Cell Adhesion Proteins
6. Attachments to the Cytoskeleton

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 Membrane Proteins
Two types of membrane proteins
- Classified by how they are associated with
the membrane

1. Peripheral membrane proteins

2. Integral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
1. Peripheral membrane proteins

Anchored to a phospholipid in one layer

of the membrane
on the intracellular or extracellular face of the
membrane

Oossess nonpolar regions that are

inserted in the lipid bilayer

Free to move throughout one layer of the

bilayer 20
1. Peripheral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
2. Integral membrane proteins
Span the lipid bilayer (transmembrane
proteins)

Nonpolar regions of the protein are

embedded in the interior of the bilayer
- Transmembrane Domain
Polar regions of the protein protrude from
both sides of the bilayer
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2. Integral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
Integral proteins possess at least one
transmembrane domain
- Region of the protein containing hydrophobic
amino acids

- Spans the lipid bilayer

- Usually alpha-helices
- Many receptors are integral proteins
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 Membrane Proteins
Extensive nonpolar regions within a
transmembrane protein can create a pore
through the membrane.
sheets in the protein secondary structure
form a cylinder called a -barrel

-barrel interior is polar and allows water and

small polar molecules to pass through the
membrane
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 Membrane Transport
Motion of substances in and out of the cell
Cell membranes are Selectively
permeable

Two Types of Transport Mechanisms:

1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
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 Membrane Transport
Passive transport is movement of
molecules through the membrane in which
no energy is required from the cell

Active transport requires energy

expenditure by the cell

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 1. Passive Transport
Passive transport is movement of molecules
through the membrane in which no energy is
required from the cell

Molecules move in response to a

concentration gradient
- A concentration gradient is a difference
between the concentration on one side of the
membrane and that on the other side

Passive transport mechanisms only

movement substances along the
concentration gradient 30
 1. Passive Transport
Passive transport mechanisms only
movement substances along the
concentration gradient:

- Substances move from an area of high

concentration to an area of low
concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
Mechanisms of Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion
- movement of solute molecules from high solute
concentration to low solute concentration

2. Osmosis
- movement of solvent water from high solvent
concentration to low solvent concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
Diffusion is movement of solute
molecules from high concentration to low
concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
There are two types of diffusion
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion

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 1. Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
Substances pass directly through
the cell membrane
The cell membrane has limited
permeability to small polar
molecules, water, and ions
The motion of water across the
membrane is known as osmosis 35
 1. Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
The rate (molecules/s) of simple
diffusion depends on the degree of
concentration gradient
As the gradient reaches
equilibrium, diffusion slows
At equilibrium, substances pass in
and out of the membrane at equal
rates 36
Rate of Simple Diffusion vs
Concentration

Rate

Concentration
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 1. Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Substances must pass through
transported proteins to get through
the cell membrane
The cell membrane is selectively
permeable

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 Passive Transport
Carrier proteins bind to the molecule that
they transport across the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion is movement of a

molecule from high to low concentration
with the help of a carrier protein.
-is specific
-is passive
-saturates when all carriers are occupied
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 Facilitated Diffusion
Selective permeability: integral
membrane proteins allow the cell to be
selective about what passes through the
membrane.
- Channel proteins have a polar interior
allowing polar molecules to pass through.

- Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule

to facilitate its passage.
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 Channel Proteins
Channel proteins include:
- ion channels allow the passage of
ions (charged atoms or molecules) which
are associated with water

- gated channels are opened or closed

in response to a stimulus
the stimulus may be chemical or electrical

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Fig. 5.10

ion channels
 Channel Proteins
Ion channels allow the passage of ions
(charged atoms or molecules) across the
membrane

A concentration gradient of ions across the

membrane creates a membrane potential
- a membrane potential is a charge
difference between the two sides of the
membrane
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Fig. 5.10

ion channels

+
+ +
+ +
+ + +

+
+
 Carrier Proteins
Carrier proteins bind to a specific
molecule to facilitate its passage.

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 1. Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Is Specific - a carrier protein transports only
certain molecules or ions
Is Passive - the direction of net movement is
determined by the relative concentrations on the
substances inside an outside the cell
Has a Saturation Point - rate of
facilitated diffusion (molecules/s) depends on gradient
until all protein carriers are in use - saturation point
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 Saturation of Facilitated
Diffusion

Rate

Concentration
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 Passive Transport
2. Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water from
an area of high to low concentration of
water
- movement of water toward an area of high
solute concentration

- in osmosis, only water is able to pass

through the membrane

- Osmosis moves water through aquaporins

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 Osmosis
Osmotic concentration is determined by
the the concentration of all solutes in
solution

Relative Osmotic Concentrations

Hypertonic solutions: have a higher relative
solute concentration
Hypotonic solutions: have a lower relative
solute concentration
Isotonic Solutions: have equal relative
solute concentrations 50
Fig. 5.13-1

Osmotic Balance
Cells crenate in hypertonic
solutions
Fig. 5.13-3

Osmotic Balance
Cells lyse in hypotonic
solutions
Fig. 5.13-2

Osmotic Balance
Cells are maintained in
hypertonic solutions
 Osmosis
Organisms can maintain osmotic balance
in different ways:
1. Some cells use extrusion in which
water is ejected through contractile
vacuoles.
2. Isosmotic regulation involves
keeping cells isotonic with their
environment.
3. Plant cells use turgor pressure to
push the cell membrane against the cell54 wall
and keep the cell rigid.
Fig. 5.14
 2. Active Transport
Active transport

Requires energy ATP is used directly or

indirectly to fuel active transport

Able to moves substances against the

concentration gradient - from low to high
concentration
- allows cells to store concentrated substances
Requires the use of carrier proteins 56
 Active Transport
Carrier proteins used in active transport
include:
-uniporters move one molecule at a
time
-symporters move two molecules in
the same direction
-antiporters move two molecules in
opposite directions
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 Active Transport
Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump
An active transport antiport mechanism
Uses an antiporter to move 3 Na+ out of
the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
ATP energy is used to change the
conformation of the carrier protein
The affinity of the carrier protein for either
Na+ or K+ changes so the ions can be
carried across the membrane 58
 Active Transport
Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump
Used by animal cells to maintain a high
internal concentration of K+ ions and a low
internal concentration of Na+ ions

Maintains a concentration gradient that is

used to power many other important
physiological process

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Fig. 5.15-1
Fig. 5.15-2
Fig. 5.15-3
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 Active Transport
Coupled transport
Uses the energy released when a
molecule moves by diffusion to supply
energy to active transport of a different
molecule

A symporter is used
Glucose-Na+ symporter captures the
energy from Na+ diffusion to move glucose
against a concentration gradient 64
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 Bulk Transport
Bulk transport of substances is
accomplished by

1. Endocytosis movement of
substances into the cell

2. Exocytosis movement of
materials out of the cell

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 Bulk Transport
Endocytosis occurs when the plasma
membrane envelops food particles and
liquids.
1. phagocytosis the cell takes in
particulate matter
2. pinocytosis the cell takes in only
fluid
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
specific molecules are taken in after they
bind to a receptor
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 Bulk Transport
Exocytosis occurs when material is
discharged from the cell.
Vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell
membrane and release their contents to the
exterior of the cell

Used in plants to export cell wall material

Used in animals to secrete hormones,
neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes

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