WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY?

Ethno refers to human culture

Graphy means description of
A research process used in the scientific study of
human interactions in social settings
Used extensively in anthropology
Has become increasing popular in many different
fields over the past few years
Nursing, education, market research, business,
etc
 DEFINITION
Ethnographic research methods are included in qualitative research methods. The
word ethnography comes from the Greek words ethos which means ethnicity and
graphos meaning something written. Ethnography is the science of writing about
ethnicity, using a more contemporary language, Ethnography can be interpreted as
writing about cultural groups. Emzir. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif :
Analisis Data. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.page 18
According to Oxford Online Dictionary the definition of Ethnography is The scientific
description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual
differences. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethnography
Cambridge defines the ethnography is a scientific description of the culture of a
society by someone who has lived in it, or a book containing this.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ethnography
Ethnography is a research strategy that allows researchers to explore and examine
the cultures and societies that are a fundamental part of the human experience. . . .

Murchison
 WHEN THE USE OF
ETHNOGRAPHY?
o Understanding Human Clumps.
o Understanding Human Behavior.
o To Found The Theory Grounded.
o Understanding The Complex
Community.
1. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CLUMPS.

The purpose of social anthropology, namely to describe and

explain the regularity and variety of social behavior. Perhaps the

most prominent feature of humanity is its diversity. Why does one

clump show such variations, create different patterns of

marriage, hold different values, eat different foods, nurture

children differently, trust different gods, and pursue different

goals? If the ethnographer understands this diversity, then he

must begin by carefully describing it.

2. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR.

This meaning can be found. An ethnographer can ask someone who

collects sea shells about his work, what he does, why he does it. Any
explanation.

3. TO FOUND THE THEORY GROUNDED.

Ethnography offers an excellent strategy for finding grounded theories.
For example, the ethnography of children from the cultural environment
of minorities in the United States who succeed in school can develop a
grounded theory of school governance. Such studies reveal that, the
child is not experiencing cultural deprivation, instead they experience
flooding culturally overwhelmed, where their success in school is due to
the ability of two-cultures (bicultural) all at once.
4. UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX
COMMUNITY.

Ethnography offers one of the best ways to understand this

complex picture of modern life. Ethnogafi can show different

cultural differences and how people with different perspectives

by interacting.
COMMON METHODS

Realistic Ethnography

Case Studies

Critical Ethnography
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
ETHNOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

Creswell (2012 : 468)

1. Cultural theme
2. Cultural group
3. Co-ownership of patterns of behavior,beliefs, and
language
4. Fieldwork
5. Description, themes and interpretational
6. Context or setting
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH PROCEDURES

1. Setting informants
2. Conducting interviews to informants
3. Make ethnographic notes
4. Asking descriptive questions
5. Conducting an ethnographic interview analysis.
6. Create a domain analysis.
7. Asking a structural question which is an advanced
stage after identifying the domain.
8. Make taxonomic analysis.
9. Ask a contrasting question where the meaning of a
symbol is believed to be found by discovering how a
symbol differs from other symbols.
 ETHNOGRAPHY DATA
COLLECTING INSTRUMENT

.
1 In-depth Interview (Indepth Interview)
2. Participant Observation (Participant
Observation).
3. Focus Group Discussion (Focus Group
Discussion)
4. Life History
5. Document Analysis.
Questions?