Presented by

Omkar Tendulkar
Introduction
o There are 2 types of electrical signals: -
1) Analog.
2) Digital.
o When digital data is to be sent over an analog facility,
digital signals must be converted to analog form.
o Conversion of digital signal to analog form is known as
modulation.
o Conversion of analog signal to digital form is known as
demodulation.
o Digital transmission of data is preferred over analog
transmission of data due to lower cost, higher
transmission speeds and lower error rate.
Definition
A.In electronics, it is the process of varying one or
more properties of a periodic waveform, called
the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that
typically contains information to be
transmitted.
B. In telecommunications, it is the process of
conveying a message signal, for eg. a digital bit
stream or an analog audio signal, inside
another signal that can be physically
transmitted.
Analog v/s digital signal
Analog signal: Transmitted
power varies over a
continuous range.
Digital signal: Sequence of
voltage pulses represented
in binary form.
Computer generated data
signal is digital whereas
telephone lines carry analog
signals.
3 types of Modulation
a) Amplitude Modulation (AM).
b) Frequency Modulation (FM).
c) Phase Modulation (PM).
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Two binary values
of digital data are
represented by two
different
amplitudes of the
carrier signal.
While keeping
frequency and
phase constant.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Two binary values
of digital data are
represented by two
different
frequencies.
While amplitude
and phase are kept
constant.
 Phase Modulation (PM)
Two binary values of
digital data are
represented by shift in
phase of carrier signal.
A sine wave with: -
Phase=0
represents digital 1.
Phase=180
represents digital 0.
Modem
Modem stands for Modulator/DEModulator.
Special device used for conversion of digital
data to analog form and vice-versa.
Essential piece of hardware where 2 digital
devices want to communicate over an
analog transmission channel.
2 modems are required for facilitating the
data communication between 2 devices.
Flow diagram of Modem
Factors for selecting Modem
1. Transmission speed. (bps to
kbps)
2. Internal v/s external.
a. Internal: Optional add-on
circuit board plugs into one of
computers expansion slots.
b. External: Separate box
contains circuitry and logic to
modulate data signals.
3. Facsimile facility. (modem with
fax)
Thank you