Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A j ( Pj Pa )
.
F m(C j Ca ) Aj ( Pj Pa )
Propulsive efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness with which the propulsive dust is
being used for propelling the aircraft but it is not the efficiency of energy conversion.
Overall efficiency:
useful work
o p e
energy supplied
.
FCa m Ca (C j Ca )
.
.
m f Qnet m f Qnet
Specific fuel combustion: fuel consumption per unit thrust, i.e. kg/h N = 0.12
Ca 1
o
sfc Qnet
Specific thrust, Fs
Thrust
Fs
Mass flow rate of air
mf m f / ma f
F F / ma Fs
Diffuser: Velocity decreases in
diffuser while pressure increases
Nozzle: Velocity increases in
nozzle while pressure decreases
R
To1 Toa Ta C / 2c p , but c p
2
1
a
R
To1 Toa Ta [1 C a / 2(
2
Ta )]
1
1 2 1 2
Ta [1 C a / RT a )] Ta [1 M ]
2 2
Isentropic efficiency of a diffuser
To1s 1 To1s Ta
Po1
i
Pa Ta To1 Ta
(Ta To1s Ta ) / Ta 1
1 (To1s Ta ) / Ta 1
1 i (To1s Ta ) / Ta ) 1
2
Ca
[1 i ] 1
2c p Ta
1 2
1 i Ma
The rest of the components ( compressor, turbine combustion chamber) are treated
before.
Po1 Pa
The ram efficiency is
r
Poa Pa
Propelling nozzle
Propelling nozzle is the component in which the working fluid is expanded to give a high
velocity jet.
1 1
To4 T5 j (To4 )(1 '
) jTo4 [1 k 1
To4 / T5 k
( Po4 / P5 )
To5 To4
1 2
2
To4 To5 c
1 s 1 Ms
T5 T5 2c pTs 2
Tc 2 2
To4 Tc 1
j or Tcs To 4 (To4 Tc )
To4 Tcs j
Tc Tc
1 j (1 ) Tcs
To4 To4
Pc is calculated as
k k
Pc Tc k 1 Tc k 1
'
1 j (1 )
Po4 To4 To4
substituting for
To4 k 1
Tc k
k k
Pc 1 2 k 1 1 k 1 k 1
1 (1 1
Po4 j k 1) j k 1
if Pa Pc Ps Pa (unchoked)
Pa Pc Ps Pc (choked)
To calculate A5 of nozzle
.
m 5 C5 As As m/ 5 C5
.
For choked nozzle, As m/ c Cc where Cc kRTc
Example 1: Simple turbojet cycle
1
To1 Ta (1 M 2)
2
M Ca / RTa 0.84
2
C
To1 Ta a 292 K
2c p
Po1 C
2
0.93 * 270 2
1 a 1
p
a 2c p Ta 2 * 1.005 * 1000 * 255.7
(1.132) 3.5 1.54
Po 2 rPo1 6.67bar
1 1
To2 To1 [1 (r 1] 564.5 K
c c
To 3 1200 K ( given)
Pb
Po3 Po2 (1 ) 6.4bar
PD2
m wT wc ; To To C p (To 2 To1 ) / m Cpg
4 3 a
To4 ` 959 K
g
1 g 1
po 4 / p O 3 1 (1 To4 / To3 ) , 1.33
t
Po4 2.327bar
1 1 1
Po 4 / Pc 1 / 1
1.194
j 1
Po 4 / Pa Po 4 / Pc choking nozzle ; Pc Pa
State 5; Pc Pa , choking; M 5 1, Ps Pc Pa
1 2
2
To 5 Cs
1 1 Ms
Tc 2c p Ts 2
2
Ts Tc (To5 To4 ), no heat loss & mech. work
1
2
Tc To4 ( ) 822.01K
1
Po4 Po4
P5 Pc 1.215bar , 1.914
( Po4 / Pc ) Pc
Pc
s c 0.515 kg / m 3 , R 287
RTc
C 5 C c M c RTc 560.8m / s, M 1.0, M 0.84
Notes : Cs Ca (560 270)
.
m As Cs A5 / m 1 / 5C5 0.00346m 2 s / kg
m As C s A5 / m 1 / 5 c5 0.00346 m 2 s / kg
As
sp. thrust ; Fs (C s C a ) ( p s p a ) 525.2
m
To2 564.5, To3 To2 635.5
chart : f 0.0174 f fth / b 0.0178
3600 f
sfc 0.122kg / N
Fs
FCa Ca 1 270 1
0.185kg / sn
m f net sfc net ( 0.122 ) 43000 *1000
3600
Example:2: Turbofan Analysis
Po3
19, sf st sc 0.9
Po1 m c
B3
Pb Po4 Po3 1.25 m h
n 0.95
sea level Pa =1 bar Ta=288 K
m 0.99
m a 115kg / s
C a 0.
Po2
S 2 : Po2 Po 1.65bar
Po 1
1
n 1
1
To2 / To1 ( Po2 / Po1 ) n
To 337.7 K , 1.4,
2
S 3 : Po3 / Po1 ) p o1 19bar
n 1
To3 / To2 ( Po3 / Po2 ) ( ) To3 734 K
n
S 4 : To4 1300 K , Po4 p o3 Pb 17.75
n 1 1
S5 : t , 1.333
n
c HPT m
m m h C p (To To ) m h (C P )(To To )
g 4 5 a 3 2
To5 949.7 K
n
To5 n 1
Po5 / Po4 , Po5 4.415bar
To
4
S 6 : f m LPT
m a C PA (TO2 To1 ) m m h C Pg (TO5 TO6 )
TO6 To5 C Pa (1 B)(To2 To1 ) / m C Pg 773.7
n 1
n
Po6 To6
Po6 1.78bar
Po5 To5
m a Bm a
m h 28.75kg / s; m c 86.25kg / s
1 B 1 B
Fh m h C 7 13700 N ; Fc m c C8 25300 N
Ftotal 39000 N ; Fs 39000 / 115 339.13 N / kg / s
f (To 3 / o 4 ) 566 K , To3 734 K ) Fth 0.016
.
fact f th / b ( 1.0 assumed ); m f 3600 fm h 1656kg fuel / h
m f
sfc 0.0425kg / h.N
Ftotal
Titanium
Nickel
Steel
Aluminium
Composites
Engine material usage has changed significantly over the latter part of the last
century. Titanium and Nickel now dominate. The increased temperature limits of
advanced Titanium alloys has enabled its use in significant parts of the HP
compressor, giving rise to current engine usage by weight of over 30%.
Considerable effort has also been directed at Nickel alloy development, with its
very high temperature capabilities making it the most suitable material for all the
hot end engine components. Nickel usage in engine by weight now exceeds 40%.
Steel is still used for shafts and bearing structures, due principally to its ductility.
Aluminium and composites form a relatively small part of the engines weight,
generally due to poor temperature limits. Future advances may see the use of
metal matrix composites in compressors discs to significantly reduce weight, whilst
in the longer term, ceramic matrix composites in turbines have the potential to
withstand even higher temperatures.
Clappered + 4% efficiency Wide-chord fan
Wide-chord Fan Technology
1st generation: 2nd generation:1995
1984
DB/SPFconstruction
Honeycomb construction
Fan Section
Improvements in Materials
Equiaxed Directionally
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure Solidified Structure
Turbine Cooling
Cooling air
Single pass Multi-pass Thermal Barrier
Coating
Cooling
Film
Coolant Air
Film Cooling
Hot
Gas
Hot
Gas
Coolant Air
First Nozzle
First Blade
STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
Torsional Modes
Rotor blade with 1F vibration mode
Disk Modes
Campbell Diagram
Tension
Shut-down
Sulphidation
A reaction which occurs when sulpher (in fuel) reacts with oxygen and attacks the base metal.
Particular concern when it is found in the blade root region or along the leading or trailing edges, or under
the blade shroud.
Hot corrosion
Combined oxidation-sulphidation phenomena of hot section parts.
Standby corrosion
Occurs during a turbine shutdown and as the result of air moisture and corrosive being present in the
machine.
Blade fatigue strength is significantly reduced by corrosion.
CREEP
Occurs when components operates over time under high stresses and temperature.
Creep Curve
Particulate Erosion
Compressor
Particle size causing erosion : 5~10 microns
Reduction in the surge margin can occur if the tips get severely eroded.
Combined Mechanism
Corrosion: reduce blade section size and drop the fatigue strength
Erosion in the blade attachment regions reduce damping causing increased vibration amplitudes and
alternating stresses.