Pemodelan Matematika dan

Teknik Simulasi

Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Metode Ilmiah dlm Merumuskan
Model Konseptual
 These methodological modeling principles are also
captured in the following list of questions and answers:
 These methodological modeling principles are also
captured in the following list of questions and answers:
A rst-order view of mathematical modeling that shows how the questions asked in a
principled approach to building a model relate to the development ofthat model
(inspired by Carson and Cobelli, 2001).
 Some Methods of Mathematical
Modeling
1. Dimensional Homogeneity and Consistency
2. Abstraction and Scaling
3. Conservation and Balance Principles
4. Constructing Linear Models
Conservation and Balance Principles
The following steps may be included in
this process
Statement of the research problem
Defining the hypothesis about input-output
relationships
Designing a model of the system in terms
consistent with the hypothesis
Defining the system test plan
Implementing the project and running system
experiments
Manipulation of the abstract model to simulate
the real system
THE MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT OF A
SYSTEM
This differential equation is easily solved by
making the substitution y =pq , such that

The variablep is determined by solving

in the above equation. Then

where k, is an integration constant. The variable q is determined by solving

dq
P c
dt
where ,k2 is an integration constant. Then

If the initial condition of the system is defined as y0, then k1k2 =y0 c/b and the
solution becomes
 Where c/b is an asymptotic value for the system
at a steady state. This equation represents a state
prajectory of the system. Note that changing the
input c affects the steady state of the system.
Note also that the initial state yo and the input x
= c determine the state y of the system at any
time t. Clearly, if the system is started at a state
yo, is supplied by an input trajectory f and is run
to some time t, then
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEMS
A. The time scale of the system
B. The uncertainties of events in the system
C. Structure of the system
 A. The Time Scale
Continuous Systems.
Discrete Systems.
 A. The Time Scale
Continuous Systems. The time scale of
continuous systems is the set of non-negative
real numbers. Continuous systems are called
differentiable systems because they are
represented by differential equations and
their solutions.
 A. The Time Scale
Discrete Systems. The time scale of discrete
systems is the set of non-negative integers.
Discrete state variables cannot be fractionalized,
meaning that the system cannot be represented
by differential equations. This is the case of state
variables defined as number of individuals or as
qualitative traits. Thus, the state changes are
represented by difference equations.
 B. The uncertainties of events in the
system
Stochastic Systems. The basic feature of a
stochastic model is that state variables are
defined as probability distributions;
Deterministic Systems. In deterministic
models, the states of the system are the
expected values of the outcomes. Thus,
deterministic models represent the expected
or average behavior of the system.
 C. Structure of Systems

C.1. Interactive coupled systems

C.2. Conjunctive coupled systems
 C.1. Interactive Coupled Systems
Interacting systems may be coupled by means
of interconnected differential or difference
equations, determining an interactive coupling.
Interacting agricultural systems may be arranged
in two groups:
C.1.1. Compartmental systems
C.1.2. Non compartmental systems
 C.1.1. Compartmental systems
Components of compartmental systems are
called compartments. Such compartments
work as chambers among which some
material is considered to move.
C.1.2. Non compartmental systems
Components of non compartmental systems
sometimes are called black boxes, among which
some information is considered to move.
 C.2. Conjunctive coupled systems
The idea of conjunctive coupling is that of a
complex system where each of its
components operates independently. This is
the case, for example, of different plots or
different experimental material, such that
each plot is a component system and operates
as a replication of the experiment. Grouping
of experimental material determines the
sources of variation in a typical analysis of
variance.
 LINEAR MODEL
Agricultural systems are very complex and are
characterized by having multiple input variables
of unknown or chaotic behavior. Thus,
mathematical modeling in agricultural research
is essentially an empirical process, with only
few feasible theoretical considerations. Thus, a
free choice of mathematical models of
agricultural systems is possible. The simplest
empirical option for modeling is using linear
models.
 Minggu depan dilanjutkan dgn analisis
dimensi