Chapter 2

MEC551
THERMAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 02
CONDUCTION
1
PREPARED BY:
DR. YUSLI YAAKOB
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM PULAU PINANG
OBJECTIVES:
When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:
2
OBJECTIVES:
When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:
3
2.1 FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
Fouriers law of heat conduction states:
the rate of heat transfer is linearly

proportional to the temperature
gradient

dT
Q A dx

dT
Q cond
kA
dx
Heat conduction through a large plane wall

Units : Watts (W) 4
2.1 FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

dT Units : Watts (W)
Q cond
kA
dx

dT T2 T1 T1 T2
Q cond
kA
dx
kA
dx
kA
dx
where,
k = thermal conductivity of the material, (W/m.0C OR W/m.K)
dT
dx = the temperature gradient
A = the heat transfer area which is normal to the direction

of heat transfer, m2
dz 5
dQx
dy
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF MATERIALS
the rate of heat transfer through a unit

thickness of the material per unit area per unit
temperature difference
6
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
Indicates the ability of the material to conduct heat.
Symbol: k
Units : W/m.K OR W/m.0C

7
A low value indicates that

A high value for thermal
the material is a poor heat
conductivity indicates that the
material is a good heat conductor BUT good
conductor. INSULATOR.
http://www.milleprime.com.sg/htm/elearning/heat/activityApplet2.html
8
TABLE 11 (in textbook pg 20)
The thermal conductivities of some materials at room temperature
Material k, W/m C*
Diamond 2300
Silver 429
Copper 401
Gold 317
Aluminum 237
Iron 80.2
Mercury (l) 8.54
Glass 0.78
Brick 0.72
Water (l) 0.607
Human skin 0.37
Wood (oak) 0.17
Helium (g) 0.152
Soft rubber 0.13
Glass fiber 0.043
9
Air (g) 0.026
Urethane, rigid foam 0.026
10
Thermal conductivity is temperature dependent
11
Thermal conductivity is temperature dependent
12
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohms

Law) is a technique that simplifies complicated
problems which involve multi-layered
mediums when there is no heat generation (q=0).
to solve the problem easily w/out

It can be used
involving any differential equations
13
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE
ANALOGY METHOD
TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT
FLOW
This is like Ohms Law:
Potential Difference (V )
Current ( I )
Resistance ( R)
Therefore, circuit representations can provide a

useful tool for both conceptualizing and calculating
heat transfer problems.
14
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE
ANALOGY METHOD
TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT
FLOW
The Equation is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I,
expressed as V V
I 1 2
Re
Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Rate of heat transfer Electric current
Thermal resistance Electrical resistance
Temperature difference Voltage difference 15
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD (PLANE
WALL)
CONDUCTION RESISTANCE
Equation for heat conduction through a

plane wall can be rearranged as
& T1 T2
Qcond , wall (W)
Rwall
Where Rwall is the Thermal Conduction Resistance,
L
Rwall o
( C/W)
kA
Conduction resistance of the wall: Thermal resistance of the wall
against heat conduction.
16
Thermal resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the
thermal properties of the medium.
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD (PLANE
WALL)
CONVECTION RESISTANCE
Thermal resistance to convection processes
can also be applied
Newtons law of cooling for convection heat transfer rate
Q&conv hAs ( Ts T) can be rearranged as
& Ts T
Qconv (W)
Rconv
Rconv is the convection resistance
1
Rconv o
( C/W)
hAs
17
RADIATION RESISTANCE
The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and
the surrounding
Ts Tsurr
& 4
(
4
)
Qrad es As Ts Tsurr hrad As (Ts Tsurr )
Rrad
(W)
e ~ emissivity ( 0 e 1.0 ) s ~ Stefan Boltzmann const.

W
s 5.67 10 8
1 m2 K 4
Rrad (K/W)
hrad As
Q&
hrad rad
As (Ts Tsurr )
(
es Ts2 + Tsurr
2
)( s surr )
T + T (W/m 2

K)
18
RADIATION AND CONVECTION RESISTANCE
Asurface exposed to the surrounding might involves
convection and radiation simultaneously.
The convection and radiation resistances are parallel to each
other.
When TsurrT , the radiation

effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K)
19
Consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall that is exposed to convection on both sides.
20
Under steady conditions we have
Rate of Rate of Rate of

heat = heat conduction = heat convection
convection through the wall from the wall
into the wall
21
MULTILAYER PLANE WALLS
In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of several layers of different
materials.
The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer composite wall can be
expressed through where the total thermal resistance is
Rtotal Rconv ,1 + Rwall ,1 + Rwall ,2 + Rconv ,2

1 L L 1
+ 1 + 2 +
h1 A k1 A k2 A h2 A
22
THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
(EXAMPLE 2.3)
Example 2.3 - Composite Wall with convection
23
surface conditions. Determine Q. AA AB AC A
Tf1 T k1 k2
k3
Hot T1 Cold
Fluid Fluid
Tf1, h1 T2 B Tf4, h4
A C
T3
T4
Tf4
L1 L2 L3
X
Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4 Rf4 Tf4

(EXAMPLE 2.3)
Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC Rf4 Tf4
24
T4
T f 1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T f 4
Qx
1 L1 L2 L3 1
h1 A k1 A k2 A k A h4 A
3
Rf 1 R1 R2 R3 Rf 4
Tf 1 Tf 4 Tf 1 Tf 4
Qx
1 L1 L2 L3 1 R
+ + + +
h1 A k1 A k 2 A k3 A h4 A
(EXAMPLE 2.3)
However, with composite systems it is often convenient
to express the rate of heat transfer in terms of overall
heat transfer coefficient (U).
This is defined by an expression similar to Newtons Law

of Cooling:

Q x U A T
1 1
U
R 1 L1 L2 L3 1
+ + + +
h1 k1 k 2 k3 h4 25
(EXAMPLE 2.4)
Example 2.4 Combined
26
Heat Transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation
take place simultaneously
on boiler tubes.
The hot gases of

combustion products create
a thin film of gas on the
outer wall of the boiler tube
and water film within it.
Determine the total

resistance (R):
(EXAMPLE 2.4)
There are parallel circuits in the gas film section due
27
to both convection and radiation acting there.
T
Hot gas Tube wall Water inside tube
T1
Radiation
T2
T3
T4
Gas Film L Water Film
X
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3, conv T4
R1,rad
MULTILAYER PLANE WALLS
28
EXAMPLE 2.1
One side of a copper (kcopper = 401 W/m.K) block 5
cm thick is maintained at 250oC. The other side is
covered with a layer of fiberglass (k = 0.035
W/m.K) 2.5 cm thick. The outside of the
fiberglass is maintained at 35oC, and the total
heat flow through the copper-fiberglass
combination is 52 kW. Determine the area of the
slab.
29
EXAMPLE 2.2
A wall 2 cm thick is to be constructed from
material that has an average thermal conductivity
of 1.3 W/m.oC. The wall is to be insulated with
material having an average thermal conductivity of
0.35 W/m.oC, so that the heat loss per square
meter will not exceed 1830 W. Assuming that the
inner and outer surface temperatures of the
insulated wall are 130oC and 30oC, calculate the
thickness of insulation required.
Homework
30
2.3 GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORK
The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve steady
heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers or
combined series-parallel arrangements.
T1 T2 T1 T2 1 1
& & &
Q Q1 + Q2 + ( T1 T2 ) +
R1 R2 R1 R2
1
Rtotal
1 1 1 RR
+ Rtotal = 1 2
Rtotal R1 R2 R1 + R2
31
2.3 COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL
ARRANGEMENT
The total rate of heat transfer through the composite
system
& T1 T
Q
Rtotal
R1 R2
Rtotal R12 + R3 + Rconv + R3 + Rconv
R1 + R2
L1 L L 1
R1 ; R2 2 ; R3 3 ; Rconv
k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3 hA3
32
EXAMPLE 2.3
Calculate the heat transfer through the composite
wall in Figure below. Assume one-dimensional heat
flow.
Ac = 0.1 m2
B kA = 150 W/m.oC
q kB = 30 W/m.oC
C kC = 50 W/m.oC
A T = 66oC kD = 70 W/m.oC
T = 370oC D AB = AD = Ac/2
2.5 cm 7.5 cm 5.0 cm
33
*Please see Example 3-6 from Chap 3 in the text book
2.3 THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE
Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along two solid plates
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect contact. 34
In reality surfaces have some roughness.
two surfaces are pressed against each

When
other, the peaks form good material contact but the
valleys form voids filled with air.
interface contains
As a result, an
numerous air gaps of varying sizes

that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact 35
resistance,
resistance Rc.
The value of thermal contact resistance depends on:
surface roughness
material properties
temperature and pressure at the interface
type of fluid trapped at the interface
hc is called the thermal contact conductance
36
HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS
Heat transfer through the pipe can be modeled as steady and 1-D
The temperature of the pipe in this case depends on one direction
only (the radial r direction) and expressed as T = T(r)
37
HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS
38
The resistance RA can be found from Fouriers Law:
dT
Qcond kA
dr
r2 T2

Qcond
r A dr T k dT
1 1
2 rL
r T1
Q cond 2 1

2 L r1 r
dr + k dT
T2

Qcond 2 L k
( T1 T2 )
ln r2 39
r1
If the heat transfer rate is constant, this can be further simplified:
T1 T2
Qcond
RCYL
Thermal
Resistance
ln 2
r
r1
RCYL
2 L k1
40
HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL
A spherical shell with specified inner and outer surface

temperatures T1 and T2.
is the conduction resistance of the spherical layer.

41

Conduction in a spherical shell
Consider heat conduction in a hollow sphere. In a steady
state, one dimensional system (without heat generation),
the energy entering the differential control volume is
equal to the energy leaving the differential control
volume.z
Q r Q r + dr
dT 2 dT
Qr kA k 4r
dr A dr
x y
42

Separating variables:
r2 T2
Q r dr
4 r r 2 T k(T ) dT
1 1 function of T
f (T )
Assuming constant k and integrating
Qr 1 r2

r 1
r k ( T2 T1 )
4
43
4 k ( T2 T1 ) r1 r2

Qr ( )
1
r1 1
r2 4 k
r2 r1
T1 T2
T2 T1 1 1 1

Qr
where: R
R 4 k r1 r2
44

Spherical composites may be treated in much the same
way as composite walls and cylinders, where appropriate
forms of the total resistance (R) and overall heat
transfer coefficient (U) may be determined.
z
x y
45
The thermal resistance network for a cylinder
for a spherical layer
46
MULTILAYERED CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
The thermal resistance

network for heat transfer
through a three-layered
composite cylinder
subjected to convection
on both sides.
47
CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION
In a cylindrical pipe or a
spherical shell, the additional

insulation:
i) Increases the conduction
resistance of the insulation layer
ii) but decreases the convection
resistance of the surface because of
the increase in the outer surface
area for convection.
The heat transfer from the pipe may
Adding more insulation to a wall : increase or decrease, depending on
decreases heat transfer since the which effect dominates.
heat transfer area is constant,
increases the thermal resistance
of the wall without increasing the
convection resistance. 48
The criticalradius of insulation
for a cylindrical body:
The critical
radius of insulation
for a spherical shell:
The variation of heat transfer

rate with the outer radius of the
insulation r2 when r1 < rcr. 49
CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
50
Critical radius
rcr ,cyl of insulation
ho
if r2 rcr Will decrease the rate of heat loss

expected. Good !
r2 rcr Will increase the heat loss

continuously. Maximum at the critical
thickness. Avoid !
The largest value of the critical radius The common value for
we are likely to encounter is insulating material.
The lowest value of h

in practice (gases)
We can insulate hot-water or steam pipes

freely without worrying about the
possibility of increasing the heat transfer
by insulating the pipes.
51
HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES

Newtons law of cooling: The rate of heat
transfer from a surface to the surrounding
medium
When Ts and T are fixed, there are two

ways to increase the rate of heat transfer:
Increase the convection heat transfer
coefficient h. This may require the
installation of a pump or fan, or replacing
the existing one with a larger one, but
this approach may or may not be
practical. Besides, it may not be
adequate.
Increase the surface area As by
attaching to the surface extended
52
surfaces called fins made of highly
conductive materials such as aluminum.
EXAMPLE 2.4
A 5 cm diameter steel pipe is covered with a 1 cm
layer of insulating material having k = 0.22 W/m. oC
followed by a 3 cm thick layer of another
insulating material having k = 0.06W/m.oC. The
entire assembly is exposed to a convection
surrounding condition of h = 60 W/m2.oC and T =
15oC. The outside surface temperature of the
steel pipe is 400oC. Calculate the heat loss by the
pipe-insulation assembly for a pipe length of 20 m.
53
*Please see Example 3-7 to 3-8 from Chap 3 in the text book
EXAMPLE 2.5
A hot steam pipe having an inside surface
temperature of 250oC has an inside diameter of 8
cm and a wall thickness of 5.5 mm. It is covered
with a 9 cm layer of insulation having k = 0.5
W/m.oC, followed by a 4 cm layer of insulation
having k = 0.25 W/m.oC. The outside temperature
of the insulation is 20oC. Calculate the heat lost
per meter length. Assume k = 47 W/m.oC for the
pipe.
54
TUTORIAL 1
1) 3-19 (pg 197)
2) 3.35 (pg 200)
3) 3.54 (pg 202)
4) 3.69 (pg 204)
5) 3-70 (pg 204)
6) Q1 Final Exam Oct 2010
7) Q1b Final Exam JUNE 2011
8) Q1b Final Exam APR 2011
9) Q1 Final Exam JAN 2013
10) Q2 Final Exam JUNE 2013
55
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Temperature has only magnitude. It is a scalar
quantity.
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude. It is
a vector quantity.
A coordinate system, indicates the direction with plus
or minus signs.
56
STEADY Vs TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER
STEADY (STEADY STATE) TRANSIENT (UNSTEADY STATE)
no change with time at variation with time

any point within the medium or time dependence
Steady heat conduction in a plane wall Transient heat conduction in a plane wall
57
MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER
Three prime coordinate systems:
rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) spherical (T(r, , , t))
58
cylindrical (T(r, , z, t))
MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER
59
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there is
also the possibilities of:
1) Heat being stored within the element, as in the

case of an unsteady-state condition.
T
C
p
dV
density specific t
heat rate of
temperature
change
60
2) Heat being generated within the element

Heat Generation,
Examples:
electrical energy being converted to heat at a rate of
I2R
fuel elements of nuclear reactors
exothermic chemical reactions
Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon.

The rate of heat generation unit: W/m3 or Btu/hft3.

E gen egen

V
rate of heat 61
generated
per volume
62
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Z dQ(z+dz)
dQy
dz
dQ(x+dx)
dQx
X
dy
Y
63
dx
dQ(y+dy)
dQz
1D/SS analysis can be applied to problems to determine the

temperature distribution and heat flow in a solid, slab, cylinder, or sphere.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
dz
dQx
dy
64
*Show the derivation in the class

RECTANGULAR COORDIANTES
Assuming the element may expand or contract freely at
constant pressure, the energy balance given by:
Net rate of Rate of

Rate of
Heat Storage = Heat into + Heat
Element Generation
65
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
(RECTANGULAR COORDINATES)
Differential volume:
dV dx dy dz
Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
dT dT
dQx k A k ( dy dz )
dx dx
A
dz
dQx
dy
66
Taylor Series Expansion:
small
f ( x + h) f ( x) + h f ( x) + HOT
Substitute our equation:
0
T
f ( x) d Q X k ( dy dz )
x
h dx

d Q x
2
T
f ( x) k ( dy dz ) 2
x x 67
T 2T
d Q( x + dx) k dy dz k dy dz dx 2
x x

d Qx d Q x
dx
x
Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:
T T 2T
d Q x d Q x + dx k dydz k dydz k dydzdx 2
x x x
2T
k dx dy dz 2
x
68
Likewise:
2T
d Q y d Q y + dy k dx dy dz 2
y
T
2
d Q z d Q z + dz k dx dy dz 2
z
69
RECTANGULAR COORDIANTES
The rate of heat generated is:

q dV q ( dx dy dz )
rate of heat
generated
per volume
The rate of heat storage is:

T T
C p dV C p dx dy dz
t density t
specific
heat rate of
temperature 70
change
GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTION EQUATION

FOR RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

1 T T T T
2 2 2
q
2 + 2 + 2 +

t x y z k
Rate of Heat Storage Rate of Heat
Net Rate of Heat int o element Generation
k
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
CP heat conduction to heat storage)
71

FOR RECTANGULAR COORDINATES (1-D)

1 T T
2
q
2 +

t x k
Rate of Heat Storage Rate of Heat
Generation
72
Special cases:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 2T 2T 2T
2 + 2 + 2
t x y z
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
2T 2T 2T q
2 + 2 + 2 + 0
x y z k
3) Laplace Equation (steady state with no heat

generation):
2T 2T 2T
2 + 2 + 2 0 73
x y z
Special cases for 1-D:
1 T 2T
2
t x
2T q
+ 0
x 2
k

generation): 2T
0
x 2
74
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
75
FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
1 T T 1 T 1 T T q
2 2 2
2 + + 2 2+ 2 +
t r r r r z k
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T 1 T T q
2 2
r + 2 2 + 2 + 76
t r r r r z k
FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 1-D
1 T T 1 T q
2
2 + +
t r r r k
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T q
r +
t r r r k
77
Special cases for cylindrical:
1 T 1 T 1 2T 2T
r + 2 2 + 2
t r r r r z
1 T 1 2T 2T q
r + 2 2 + 2 + 0
r r r r z k
generation):
1 T 1 2T 2T
r + 2 2 + 2 0 78
r r r r z
Special cases for 1-D:
1 T 1 T
r
t r r r
1 T q
r + 0
r r r k
generation):
T
r 0 79
r r
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
z z

T(r,,)
r
y x y
x

80

FOR SPHERICAL COORDINATES
1 T

t

1 2 T 1 T 1 T q
2
r + 2 sin + 2 2 2 +
r r r r sin
2
r sin k
81
SOLUTION OF HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEMS
82
2.4.1 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions at the
boundaries.
The solution of a heat conduction problem
depends on the conditions at the
surfaces.
Temperature distribution in a medium can be determined from the
solution of appropriate heat conduction equation.
But the solution depends on the boundaries of the
medium.
For cases in which the medium is time dependent, conditions at an initial
time are also essential.
83
The 3 most common boundary conditions are:
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
Convection Boundary Condition
84
1) Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
For 1D heat transfer through a plane

wall of thickness L, for example, the
specified temperature boundary
conditions can be expressed as
See Ex 2.11 page 90 85

2) Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition

The heat flux in the positive x-direction anywhere in the
medium, including the boundaries, can be expressed by
For a plate of thickness L subjected to heat flux

of 50 W/m2 into the medium from both sides, for
example, the specified heat flux boundary
conditions can be expressed as
See Ex 2.6 page 82 86

Special Case: Adiabatic or Insulated Boundary
A well-insulated surface can be modeled as a surface with a specified
heat flux of zero. Then the boundary condition on a perfectly insulated
surface (at x = 0, for example) can be expressed as
See Ex 2.7 page 83

Another Special Case: Thermal Symmetry

For example, the two surfaces of a large hot
plate of thickness L suspended vertically in air
are subjected to the same thermal conditions,
and thus the temperature distribution in one
half of the plate is the same as that in the
other half.
That is, the heat transfer problem in this plate
possesses thermal symmetry about the center
plane at x = L/2.
Therefore, the center plane can be viewed as an
insulated surface, and the thermal condition at
this plane of symmetry can be expressed as
which resembles the insulation or zero heat

flux boundary condition.
3) Convection Boundary Condition
For one-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction in a plate of thickness L, the
convection boundary conditions on both surfaces can be expressed as:
89
3) Convection Boundary Condition
- Reverse direction does not efeect on BC expression
90
2.4.1 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Example 2.6: Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall
91
92
Main Reference
93
94
2.4.1 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Example 2.7: Heat Loss through a Steam pipe
95
*Please see Example 2-15 from Chap 2 in the text book
96
97
2.5 SOLUTION OF 2-D TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION USING FINITE DIFFERENCE
TECHNIQUES
As previously shown, the objective of heat transfer analysis is
to predict the rate of heat flow or the temperature
distribution.
In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow are
functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such cases occur
when the boundary is non-uniform.
Examples:
Heat flow through a corner section where 2 or 3 walls meet
Conduction through the walls of a short, hollow cylinder
Heat loss through a buried pipe.
98
EXAMPLES OF HEAT DISTRIBUTIONS AND
HEAT FLOW
99
2.5 SOLUTION OF 2-D TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION USING FINITE DIFFERENCE
TECHNIQUES
The solution to 2-D and 3-
D problems can be solved
by:
Analytical
Graphical
Analogical
Numerical methods (finite
difference)
Finite difference methods
(using computers) is often
the best choice.
100
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
The rate of flow per unit area in the x and y directions can be
obtained from Fouriers Law.
Q T
q x k
A x x
Q T
q y k
A y y
Although temperature is scalar (not a vector), the heat flux
depends on a temperature gradient and is therefore a vector.
101
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
The total heat flow of a given point (x,y) is the
resultant Qtot= (Qx, Qy) at that point and is directed
perpendicular to the isotherm (as shown below).
Qy Q=Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
isotherm
102
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
Thus if the temperature is known, the rate of heat
flow can be easily calculated.
The classical solution of a heat conduction problem

(to exact solution of the Fourier equation) is
separation of variables.
Qy Q= Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
103 isotherm
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Example 2.11 Analytical Solution to 2-D problem. To
appreciate the analytical method of separation of
variables, we will consider the relatively simple system
below:
For 2-D, steady state, no
heat generation, the
conduction equation is:
2T 2T
+ 2 0
x 2
y
104
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
We want to find the temperature distribution T(x,y) but to

simplify the solution, the following transformation is used:
T T1

T2 T1
Substituting this into the conduction equation gives:
2 2
+ 2 0
x 2
y
105
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Since this equation is second

order, two boundary conditions
are needed for each of the
coordinates:
( 0, y ) 0 and ( x,0) 0
( L, y ) 0 and ( x,W ) 1
106
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
( x, y ) XY ; X X ( x )
Y Y ( y)
Substituting into Laplaces equation yields:
2 2
1 d X 1 d Y
2 2
X dx Y dy
The variables are separated. Since neither side can
change as x and y vary, both must be equal to a
constant, say l2:
2 2
1 d X 1 d Y
2 2 2
X dx Y dy 107
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore, there are two differential equations:
d2X
2
+ 2
X 0
dx
d 2Y
2
2
Y 0
dy
Solving them gives:
X A cos( x ) + B sin ( x )
Y C e y + D e + y
108
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting:
X Y
(
( A cos x + B sin x ) C e y + D e y )
Where A, B, C, D can be evaluated from boundary
conditions.
109
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting b.cs (1) and (2) into equations gives:
(1) y 0, ( x,0) 0
( A cos x + B sin x ) ( C + D ) 0
C+D0
C D
( 2) x 0, ( 0, y ) 0
( )
A C e y + D e y 0
A0
110
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting b.c (3) into the equation gives:
( 3) x L, ( L, y ) 0
( A cos L + B sin L ) ( C e y + D ey ) 0
A 0
( B sin L ) ( C e y
) + ( B sin L ) ( D e ) 0
y
C D
( B sin L ) C e y ey 0
BC ( sin L ) e y e y 0
111
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
e y e y
Since: sinh y
2

BC ( sin L ) e ey y
0
( BC sin L ) 2 sinh y 0
2 BC sin L sinh y 0
np
This expression is only valid, if l=L , where n=1,2,3
np
since sin( L )= 0
112
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore substituting this back in:
X Y ( A cos x + B sin x ) ( C e y + D e y )
2 BC sin x sinh y
n x n y
2BC sin sinh 0
Cn L L
n x n y
Cn sin sinh 0
L L
113
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
For each n a different solution exists with a different constant Cn.
Summing these solutions, the expression become:

n x n y
( x, y ) Cn sin sinh 0
Equation
n 1 L L
*
Boundary condition (4) at y= W requires that:

n x n W
( x,W ) 1 Cn sin sinh
n 1 L L
114
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
This complicated equation can be solved by writing an analogous
infinite series expansion in terms of orthogonal functions.
An infinite set of functions g1(x), g2(x), g3(x), gn(x) is said to be

orthogonal in the domain a < x < b.
Side Note
g ( x ) g ( x ) dx 0
a
m n mn
Many functions exhibit orthogonality, including trignometric

n x
functions: n x
sin and cos for 0 x L
L L
115
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore our function here is an orthogonal function. An orthogonal
function can be expressed in terms of an infinite series of orthogonal
functions
f ( x) An g n ( x )
n 1
Side Note
The form of An in this series may be determined by multiplying each

side of bthe equation by gn(x) and
b integrating between the limits a and

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx g ( x ) A g n ( x ) dx
b.
n n n
a a n 1
116
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
However, since by orthogonality:
b
g ( x ) g ( x ) dx 0
a
m n mn
Side Note
This means that all by one of the terms on the right hand
side of this equation must be zero:
b b
An
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx g ( x ) A
a
n
a
n
n 1
n g n ( x ) dx
b b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx A g
2
n n n ( x)dx
a a 117
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore: b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
n
An a
b
n ( x ) dx
2
g
Side Note
a
If we choose:
n x
f ( x ) 1 and g ( x ) sin
L
b
sin ( L ) dx
nx
2 ( 1) + 1
n +1
An a

b
n
( L ) dx
2 nx
sin
a 118
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting An and our values for f(x) and g(x) back in:

f ( x) An g n ( x )
n 1
Side Note
2 ( 1) + 1
n +1

n x
1 sin
n 1 n L
This is simply the Fourier expansion of unity.
119
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
So back to our problem. Since we now know and expression for the
Fourier expansion of unity:

n x n W
( x, W ) Cn sin sinh 1
n 1 L L

n x n W
2 ( 1) n +1
+ 1 n x
Cn sin
L
sinh
L

n 1 n
sin
L

n 1
C n

2 ( 1) + 1
n +1
n 1, 2, 3
n sinh ( nLW )
120
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Finally substituting this Cn back into the original Equation
*
( ) for q(x,y), then we obtain:
2
( x, y )
(

1) + 1
n +1
n x
sin
sinh ny
L ( )
n 1 n L sinh( nLW )
Putting back into terms of temperature (T):
2 ( 1) n +1 + 1
T ( x, y ) ( T2 T1 ) sin
( )
n x sinh L
ny
+ T1
nW
n 1 n L sinh( L )
121
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Plotting the isotherms for this plate gives:
122
GRAPHICAL METHOD
The Graphical Method has now been superseded by
computer solutions based on numerical methods,
however it may still be used to obtain a first estimate
of the temperature distribution.
The rationale behind the graphical method comes

from the fact that lines of constant temperature must
be perpendicular to lines that indicate the direction
of heat flow.
So the objective is to draw a flux plot by constructing

a network of isotherms and heat flow lines.
123
GRAPHICAL METHOD
124
ANALOGICAL METHOD
This method refers to situations where 2 or more
phenomena that can be described by the same equation
are mathematically analogous (similar to the thermal
resistance method).
The variables in the system are called analogues of the

corresponding variables in other systems.
125
ANALOGICAL METHOD
A simple example of2 one case

2 is the 2-D Laplace
equation: T T
+ 0
x 2
y 2
Which is analogous to the electrical potential E(x,y):

E E
2 2
+ 2 0
x 2
y
So constant lines in an electric field correspond to

constant temperature lines in a heat flow field.
126
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
Numerical methods based on finite difference techniques

are ideally suited for systems of more complex geometries
by means of high speed computers.
It is suitable for 2-D or 3-D systems
Consider a 2-D system such as a solid of constant thickness

b, subdividing into equal increments in both the x and y-
directions
127
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
m x increment
n y increment Node
x
y
b y
128
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
In the absence of a heat m,n+1

source or sink in the
Qm,n+1
system ;
The rate of heat flow
toward the nodal point
m-1,n m, n m+1,n
must be equal to the rate
of heat flow from it in
Qm-1,n Qm+1,n
steady state.
Qm,n-1
Nodal Point m,n-1

129
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
In the finite difference method the derivatives are replaced by
differences.
df ( x ) f ( x + x ) f ( x )
lim
dx x 0
x
Instead of taking the limit, the following approximation for the
derivative can be used.
f(x+Dx)
Df
f(x)
df ( x ) f ( x + x ) f ( x )
Dx
dx x x x+dx
130
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
If the grid is subdivided into M sections of equal length.
L
x Tm+1
M
Tm
in the x direction Tm-1
m-1 m m+1
m- m+
131
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
m-1/2
dT Tm Tm 1

dx m
1 x Tm-1 Tm
2
m+1/2
dT Tm +1 Tm

dx m+
1 x Tm Tm+1
2
132
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
The 2nd derivative is simply:
d T2 dT
dx m + 1 dT
dx m 12
2
dx 2
x
Tm+1 Tm Tm Tm1
x
x
x
Tm 1 2Tm + Tm +1

x 2
133
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
Likewise:
d 2T Tn +1 2Tn + Tn 1

dy 2
y 2
134
FINITE DIFFERENCES
Finite Differences of Plane Wall: The 1-D heat transfer through a
plane wall is given by the following equation. Find the finite
difference expression for:
d T q
2
2
+ 0
dx k
This can be expressed in differential form as:
Tm 1 2Tm + Tm +1 q m
+ 0 for m 1, 2, 3
x 2
k
Where qm is the rate of heat generation per unit volume at node m.

135
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
For 2-dimensions: (m, n+1)
2T 2T q
+ 2 + 0 (m-1, n) (m, n) (m+1, n)
x 2
y k
Dy
Dx
The finite difference
(m, n-1)
formulation is:
Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n Tm ,n +1 2Tm ,n + Tm ,n 1 q m ,n
+
x 2
y 2
k
for m 1, 2, 3 M 1
for n 1, 2, 3 N 1
136
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
If x = y then:
q m ,n ( x 2 )
Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm,n +1 + Tm,n 1 4 Tm,n
k
Or since we are considering that k = constant, the heat
flows may all be expressed in terms of temperature
differentials and this same equation can be derived.
dT
Qx kAx where Ax y 1
dx
dT
Qy kAy where Ay x 1
dy
137
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
Therefore the finite difference expressions for Q are:
Q cond ,left Q m 1,n k y

( Tm 1, n Tm ,n )
x
Q cond ,right Q m +1,n k y

(Tm+1,n Tm,n )
x
Q cond ,up Q m ,n +1 k x
(Tm,n+1 Tm,n )
y
Q cond ,down Q m ,n 1 k x
(Tm,n1 Tm,n )
y 138
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
Therefore the total heat transfer is:
Q m +1,n + Q m 1,n + Q m ,n +1 + Q m,n 1 + q m ,n A 0

xy
Therefore if x = y:
y (Tm1,n Tm,n ) y (Tm+1,n Tm,n )

+ +
x x q m ,n ( x y )
k
x (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) x (Tm,n+1 Tm,n )
+
y y
139
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
Then:
Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm,n 1 4 Tm,n

(
qm ,n x 2 )
k
140
FINITE DIFFERENCES
To use this numerical method, these equations must be written for each
node within the material and the resultant system of equations solved for the
temperature at the various nodes.
141
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Example 2.13: Finite Difference Modeling of a square

plate.
A small plate (1x1 m) and with a k= 10 W/(mC) has one
face maintained at 500C and the rest at 100C.
k 500C
Compute:
(i) Temperature at various nodes.
(ii) Heat flow at the boundaries.
100C 1 m 100C
1m
100C
142
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Four x 1 m
3
node T=500C
problem
y 1 m
3 1 2
T=100C T=100C
3 4
143
T=100C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(i) The solution for finding the temperatures
1 2
is (for an interior node):
Tm +1,n + Tm 1.n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4 Tm ,n 0 3 4
Node 1 : T2 + 100 C + 500 C + T3 4T1 0

Node 2 : 100 C + T1 + 500 C + T4 4T2 0

Node 3 : T4 + 100 C + T1 + 100 C 4T3 0
Node 4 : 100 C + T3 + T2 + 100 C 4T4 0
144
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Rearranging equations:
600 4T1 + T2 + T3 0
600 + T1 4T2 + T4 0
200 + T1 4T3 + T4 0
200 + T2 + T3 4T4 0
145
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -600
1 0 -4 1 T3 -200
0 1 1 -4
T 4
= -200
146
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Solve by Gaussian Elimination:
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 -4 0 1 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
147
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
4x1= -4x4= 4x0= 4x1= -600x4=

4 -16 0 4 -2400
X4
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
148
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4+(4)=0
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -16 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
149
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(-16)=-15
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
150
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(0)=1
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
151
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
0+(4)=4
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
152
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-600+(-2400)=-3000
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
153
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 1 -15 4 -1,400
0 1 1 -4 -200
X4
154
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-15+(1x15)=0 T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 1 1 -4 -200
X15
155
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 16 -56 -6,000
X15
156
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-224+(14x16)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
224
X =14
16
157
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
158
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
4 T1 + T2 + T3 600
15 T2 + T3 + 4 T4 3,000
224 T3 + 64 T4 24,000
720 T4 108,000
Solving for the unknowns
108,000
T4 150 C

720
159
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
24,000 + 150 64
T3 150 C
224
150 + 150 4 + 3,000

T2 250 C

15
600 + 250 + 150

T1 250 C
4
160
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(ii) The heat rate is thus:
T
Qx k y
1 2
x
-Qx=0
T
Q y k x
3 4
y
y

Qx 0 k ( T1 100) + ( T3 100) + ( 500 100) + (100 100)
1 1
x 2 2
1
10 ( 250 100) + (150 100) + ( 500 100)
2
4,000 Wm 161
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
1 2
-Qx=1
3 4
y

Qx 1 k ( T2 100) + ( T4 100 ) + ( 500 100 ) + (100 100 )
1 1
x 2 2
1
10 ( 250 100 ) + (150 100 ) + ( 500 100 )
2
4,000 Wm 162
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
1 2
3 4
-Qy=0
x

Q y 0 k ( T3 100) + ( T4 100) + (100 100) + (100 100)
1 1
y 2 2
10 (150 100) + (150 100)
1,000 Wm
163
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(ii) The heat rate is thus: +Qy=1
1 2
3 4
x 1 1

Q y 1 k ( T1 500) + ( T2 500) + (100 500) + (100 500)
y 2 2
10 ( 250 500 ) + ( 250 500 ) 200 200
+9,000 Wm 164
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Therefore:
+9,000 W/m
1 2
-4,000 W/m -4,000 W/m
3 4
-1,000 W/m
Heat flowing into the plate = +9,000 W/m
Heat flow leaving the plate = -4000-4000-1000=-9,000 W/m

165
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.14)
Example 2.14: Derive the heat equation for node 3
of the plate shown below.
1 2
Given:
k= constant
3 4
b= thickness
insulation
x= y
Steady state
5 6
166
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.14)
Also note the half areas:
x
1 2
y
y 3 4
2
5 167
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.14)
Since the heat transfer is steady state then Q=0 and the
equation at node 3 is:
0 k ( y b )
( T4 T3 )
+k
x b ( T1 T3 )
+k
x b ( T5 T3 )

Ay
x 2 y 2 y
1A 1A
Q m+1,n 2 x 2 x
Q m ,n+1 Q m ,n1
Note: Q m 1,n 0 because of the insulation
168
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Example 2.15: Steady 2-D Heat Conduction in an L-bar.
Given: k = 15 W/(mC) h= 80 W/(m2C)
T= 25C q= gn= 2x106 W/m3
Convection x= y= L
h, T= 25C
1 2 3
Dx Dy
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
169
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Assumptions:
Heat transfer is steady and 2-D
Thermal conductivity (k) is constant
Heat generation q is constant
Radiation heat transfer is neglible
Form the volume elements by partitioning the

region between nodes. Node 5 is the only
completely interior node. Consider the volume
element represented by Node 5 to be full size
(e.g. x=y=1).
170
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Then the elements represented by a regular
boundary node (i.e. Node 2) becomes half size
(e.g. x=y/2=1) and a corner node (i.e. Node 1)
is quarter size (e.g. x/2=y/2=1) .
Convection
1 2 3 h, T= 25C
y x
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
171
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
h, T= 25C x= y= L
1 2 3
insulation
x y
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 C
Since the bottom surface is at a constant temperature of
90 C, then:
T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 90 C
172
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Node 1 (Energy balance): h, T= 25C
Insulated on the left
insulation
1 2 Dy
Convection on top ______
Conduction on right and bottom

2
4 5
x y L
Dx/2
x y ( T2 T1 ) x ( T4 T1 ) x y
0 h ( T T1 ) + k +k + g 1
2 2 x 2 y 2 2

2 +
80 mW2 C ( 0.012 m )
T1 + T2 + T4
( )
80 mW2 C 25 C 2 106 ( 0.012 m ) 2

15 W

m C

15 W

m C
2 15 ( W
m C
)
2.064 T1 + T2 + T4 11 .2 173
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Convection on top
Conduction right, left, bottom 1 2 3
Dy
y ( T3 T2 )
0 h x ( T T2 ) + k + 4 5 6
2 x
+ k x
( T5 T2 ) y ( T1 T2 )
+k + g 2 x
y Dx
y 2 x 2
2hL 2hL g 2 2
T1 4 + T2 + T3 + 2T5 T L
k k k
T1 4.128 T2 + T3 + 2 T5 22.4 174

FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Convection on top and right
Conduction at bottom and left 2 3
Dy
x y x ( T6 T3 )
h + ( T T3 ) + k + 5 6
2 2 2 y
y ( T2 T3 )
Dx
x y
+ k + g 3 0
2 x 2 2
2hL 2hL g 3 L
T2 2 + T3 + T6 T
k k 2k
T2 2.128 T3 + T6 12.8 175

FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Node 4 (Energy balance): Dx
Insulated on left
1 2
Conduction at the top, right, bottom
This node is on the insulated boundary and

can be treated as an interior node by 5 4 5
insulation
Dy
replacing the insulation with a mirror. This
puts a reflected image of node 5 to the 10 11
left of node 4. g L2
T5 + ( T1 + T5 + T10 4 T4 ) + 4 0
k T= 90 C
Interior
T10 g 4 L2
T1 4T4 + 2T5 90 109.2
k 176
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Node 5 (Energy balance):
Interior node
Conduction all sides 1 2 3
Can use the equation for an Dy
insulation
interior node
4 5 6
10 11 12
g 5 L2
T4 + T2 + T6 + T11 4 T5 + 0
k T= 90 C
T11 g 5 L2
T4 + T2 + T6 4 T5 90 109.2
k 177
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Node 6 (Energy balance):
Convection upward right corner
Conduction everywhere else
Qcond
Convection
2 3
h, T= 25C Qconv
Qconv
5 6 7
Dy
11 12 13 Qcond 6
Qcond
Dx
T= 90 C Qcond 178
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
x y y T7 T6 T12 T6
h + ( T T6 ) + k + k x +
2 2 2 x y
k y x ( T3 T6 ) 3
+ ( T5 T6 ) + k + g 6 ( x y ) 0

x 2 y 4
of the internal
energy generation, 2 3 Convection
h, T= 25C
since only the
volume
5 6 7
Dy
T3 + 2 T5 6.128 T6 + T7 212.0
11 12 13
179
Dx
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Convection on top x
Conduction right, left, and bottom
6 7 8
y ( T8 T7 ) y
h x ( T T7 ) + k + 12 13 14
2 x
+ k x
( T13 T7 )
+ k y
( T6 T7 )
+ g 7 x
y
0
y x 2 T= 90 C
2hL 2hL g 7 L2
T6 4 + T7 + T8 180 T
k k k
T6 4.128 T7 + T8 202.4 180
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Identical to Node 7 Dx
7 8 9
Dy
13 14 15
T= 90 C
2
2 hL 2 hL g L
T7 4 + T8 + T9 180 T 8
k k k
T7 4.128 T8 + T9 202.4
181
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
qr heat flow on right
qr= 5000
Convection on top W/m2
Conduction on bottom and left 8 9
x y x T15 T9 Dy
h ( T T9 ) + q R + k + 14 15
2 2 2 y
y T8 T9 x y Dx
+ k + g 9 0
2 x 2 2 T= 90 C
hL q R hL g 9 L2
T8 2 + T9 90 L T
k k k 2k
T8 2.064 T9 105.2 182
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
We now have 9 equations and 9 unknowns, so we can solve:
Node 1: 2.064 T1 + T2 + T4 11 .2
Node 2: T1 4.128 T2 + T3 + 2 T5 22.4
Node 3:
T2 2.128 T3 + T6 12.8
Node 4: T1 4T4 + 2T5 109.2
Node 5: T4 + T2 + T6 4 T5 109.2
Node 6: T3 + 2 T5 6.128 T6 + T7 212.0
Node 7: T6 4.128 T7 + T8 202.4
Node 8: T7 4.128 T8 + T9 202.4
Node 9: T8 2.064 T9 105.2 183
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Solving:
T 1= 112.1 C
T 2= 110.8 C
T 3= 106.6 C
T 4= 109.4 C
T 5= 108.1 C
T 6= 103.2 C
T 7= 97.3 C
T 8= 96.3 C
T 9= 97.6 C
184
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Temperature
(C)
Hi Convection
h, T= 25C
1 2 3
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
Low qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 C
185
REFERENCES
1. Yunus A. Cengel,MEC551 Thermal Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1st

Edition, 2011.
2. Yunus A. Cengel, Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat

Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 2008.
3. Incropera et.al., Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley, 6th Edition,
2007.
4. J.P.Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 10th Edition,2010.
5. P.K.Nag, Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.
186

Chapter 2

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 2

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

MEC551

When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:

When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:

the rate of heat transfer is linearly

Heat conduction through a large plane wall

A = the heat transfer area which is normal to the direction

the rate of heat transfer through a unit

Indicates the ability of the material to conduct heat.

Units : W/m.K OR W/m.0C

A low value indicates that

The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohms

to solve the problem easily w/out

Therefore, circuit representations can provide a

Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Equation for heat conduction through a

Where Rwall is the Thermal Conduction Resistance,

Q&conv hAs ( Ts T) can be rearranged as

e ~ emissivity ( 0 e 1.0 ) s ~ Stefan Boltzmann const.

When TsurrT , the radiation

Rate of Rate of Rate of

Rtotal Rconv ,1 + Rwall ,1 + Rwall ,2 + Rconv ,2

Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4 Rf4 Tf4

Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC Rf4 Tf4

This is defined by an expression similar to Newtons Law

The hot gases of

Determine the total

2.5 cm 7.5 cm 5.0 cm

In reality surfaces have some roughness.

two surfaces are pressed against each

numerous air gaps of varying sizes

hc is called the thermal contact conductance

HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS

HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS

The resistance RA can be found from Fouriers Law:

If the heat transfer rate is constant, this can be further simplified:

HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL

A spherical shell with specified inner and outer surface

is the conduction resistance of the spherical layer.

HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL

HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL

HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL

HEAT CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL

The thermal resistance network for a cylinder

for a spherical layer

MULTILAYERED CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

The thermal resistance

spherical shell, the additional

The variation of heat transfer

if r2 rcr Will decrease the rate of heat loss

r2 rcr Will increase the heat loss

The lowest value of h

We can insulate hot-water or steam pipes

HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES

When Ts and T are fixed, there are two

STEADY Vs TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER

STEADY (STEADY STATE) TRANSIENT (UNSTEADY STATE)

no change with time at variation with time

Three prime coordinate systems:

rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) spherical (T(r, , , t))

1) Heat being stored within the element, as in the

2) Heat being generated within the element

Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon.