HYDRAULICS

OPEN CHANNELS
SECTION 2
COMPOSITE & COMPOUND CHANNEL,
MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONAL
CHANNEL
COMPOSIT CHANNEL
flow in channel with varied roughness for each division of the cross-section

Horton dan Lotter

Einstein (1942) 2
1 A 1
3
2
3 3
V S 2 A PR
R 3 1 n2 V 2 nP
V S2 or R 3
n
S4 2
N N PR PR
1 3
Q S 2
A A i or RP RiPi n P
i 1 i 1 5
1
PR 3
2 Q S 2
N 3 3 n
i i
5
3
3 3 Pn 2 PR 3
n2 V 2 V2 N 3
5 5 ne
3 ni2 Pi ne i1 N P R 3
N 5
PR 3 1 PR 3 1

P
i i

3 S2 S2 i i
S4 S 4 i 1 ne 1 ni
i 1
n

i

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COMPOUND SECTIONAL CHANNEL
Channel with varied roughness but with distinct
boundary between corresponding flow areas

Q1 Q3
Q2

Q Q1 Q2 Q3
2 2 2
A1 A1 3 1 A2 A2 3 1 A3 A3 3 1
Q S2 S2 S 2
n1 P1 n2 P2 n3 P3

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EXERCISES 2-1
Problem:
A trapezoidal channel with side slopes 1:1 and bed slope 1:1.000 has a 3 m
wide bed composed of sand (n = 0.02) and side of concrete (n = 0.014).
Estimate the discharge when the depth of flow is 2.0 m.

Solution:
A1 (=A3) = 2x2/2 =2.0 m2 A2 = 3x2 = 6.0 m2 A= 10.0 m2
P1 (=P3) =(4+4)0.5 = 2.828 m P2 = 3.0 m P = 8.656 m
R1 (=r3) = 2/2.828 = 0.7072 m R2 = 6/3 = 2.0 m R = 10/8.656 =1.155 m

1 2.0 m
1
3.0 m

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EXERCISES 2-1 (continued)

Horton - Einstein
2 5
N 3 3
PR 3
i i2
P n nLotter
e
N PR 3
5
ne i1
P




in i
i1 i

2
3 3 3

ne
22 . 282 x 0 . 014 2 3 x0.02 2

5
8.656 x1.155 3
ne
8.656 5 5
22.828 0.7072 3 3 x2 2

0.014 0.02

ne= 0.0162
ne = 0.0157
10 2 1
Q x1.155 3 x0.0012 10 2 1
0.0162 Q 3
x1.155 x0.0012
0.0157
Q = 21.49 m3/dt Q = 22.17 m3/dt

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EXERCISES 2-2
Problem:
The cross section of the flow in a river during a flood was shown in the
following figure. The roughness coefficient for the side channel and the main
channel are 0.04 and 0.03 respectively. Bed slope 0.005. Estimate the
discharge if the area of the main channel (bank full) 280 m2 and wetted
perimeter of main channel 54 m.
Solution:
A1 (=A3) = 76.125 m2 A2 = 280+60 = 340 m2 A= 492.25 m2
P1 (=P3) = 52.14 m P2 = 54 m P = 158.24 m
R1 (=r3) = 1.461 m R2 = 6.296 m R = 3.111 m

1
1,5 m
1

40 m 40 m 40 m

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EXERCISES 2-2 (continued)

2x76.125 2 1 340 1
Q x1.461 x0.005 2
3 2
x6.296 x0.005 2
0.04 0.03 3

Q = 3,079 m3/dt

Solution of this problem by the equivalent roughness method of Horton will

produce large error in the computed discharge due the inherent assumptions.
However the Lotter method should produce a similar result.
5
158.24 x3.1113
ne 0.0241
5 5
2
52.12 1.4613
54 x6.296 2

0.04 0.03

492.25 2 1
Q x3.111 x0.005 2 3,077 m3 / dt
3
0.0241

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MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION CHANNEL

A channel section is considered to be the most

economical when it can pass a maximum discharge for
given cross-sectional area, resistance coefficient, and
bottom slope.
Based on continuity equation, it is evident that for area
of cross section being constant, discharge is maximum
when velocity of flow is maximum.
From Chezy or Manning formula it can be seen that for
a given value of slope and roughness the velocity of
flow will be maximum if the hydraulic radius R is
maximum.
For a constant area, the hydraulic radius R is
maximum if the wetted perimeter is minimum.

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MOST ECONOMICAL
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL SECTION

A Bh
B
A
h
A
P 2h
h
r
h
dP A
20
dh 2
h
B

A 2h2 Bh
B 2h2 h
B 2h OR h R
2 2h 2h 2

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MOST ECONOMICAL
TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL SECTION

A (B mh )h

P B 2h m2 1

B P 2h m2 1

A P 2h m2 1h mh 2 1
r
h
m
A Ph 2h2 m2 1 mh 2
dA
P 4h m2 1 2mh 0 2
B
dh P 4 m 1 2mh
dP 1 2m
4h 2h 0 1 1
dm 2 2 m
m 1 3 3

8 2 4 2
P h 3 h 3 2h 3 B 2h 3 h 3 h 3
3 3 3 3

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MOST ECONOMICAL
TRIANGULAR CHANNEL SECTION

A h2tan A
h
tan
P 2h sec

P
2 A
sec
tan r

1 1 h

3 m m

2 A 0
dP sec tan sec

d tan 3
2tan 2

sec tan2 - sec 2 0

2tan2 - sec 2 0 2tan sec = 45o, or m = 1.

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EXERCISE 2-3
Problem:
Trapezoidal channel has a bed slope 1:5,000, and Manning roughness
0.012. Determine the most economical cross section for a given discharge 10
m3/det.

Solution:
P 2h 3 h
R
A h2 3 2
r
2 h=2,16 m
2 1 h 3 1
Q h 3x S 2
n2
B=2,49 m
2 1
1 h
3 1 2 By trial and error method, it is found
10 h2 3 x
0.012 2 5,000 h = 2.16 m
2
B h 3 B = 2.49 m
3

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PROBLEMS
1. Design the most economical trapezoidal channel composed of
concrete (n=0.02) to bring the discharge of 25 m3/s. The land slope
is 0.1%.
2. Do the problem No. 1 for a rectangular channel composed of silt
having manning n = 0.025, and the channel would be built in land
of 0.05% gradient.
3. Determine the discharge in the channel shown below. The slope is
0.0002. Mannings n is 0.025 for the part below EL. 72, and 0.05 for
the part above El. 72. bank slope 1:1.
EL. 74 m
Q1 Q3
Q2 EL. 72 m EL. 73 m
25 m EL. 70 m 25 m

5m

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PROBLEMS
4. A river is diverted around the city through a diked channel; the cross-
section is shown below. In the central portion Mannings n is 0.024, and
in the flood plain Mannings n is 0.05. The slope is 0.0001. Calculate
the discharge when the water level is 9.14 m above the channel bottom.

122 m

9,14 m
7,61 m

30 m

5. A rectangular has a bed slope 1:1.250 and 5 m bottom wide composed

of gravel (n = 0.03) and side of masonry (n = 0.02). Estimate the
discharge when the depth of flow is 2.5 m.
6. A trapezoidal channel with side slopes 1:1.5 and bed slope 1:1.200 has
a 5 m bottom wide composed of sand (n = 0.025) and side of concrete
(n = 0.015). Estimate the discharge when the depth of flow is 2.5 m.

Prepared by: SURIPIN, DR., IR., M.ENG