WELCOME

Cattle & Buffalo Production and

Management seminars
(Advances & Summary)

Dr. J. RAJU
Ph.D. Scholar & ICAR-SRF
Animal Nutrition
 Introduction
Livestock contributes 25% of gross value added in
the agri. sector and provides self-employment to
about 21 million people.
Rapid growth of this sector can be even more
egalitarian and inclusive than growth of the crop
sector because those engaged in it are mainly
small holders and the landless.
Growth, of dairying, which is the main constituent
of livestock sector though slightly higher than the
4% averaged since 1990, was short of demand.
NATIONAL DAIRY PLAN
 NATIONAL DAIRY PLAN

NDP phase-1 :2011-12 to 2016-2017.

To meet the growing demand :AGR 4% for next 15

years.

Increase share of organized sector

To help increase productivity of the animal.

Components and sub components
 Long term benefits of this plan

NDP will put in place scientific approach and systematic

process to improving genetics of milch animals

Improves the quality of milk being marketed.

Improve the livelihoods of small holder milk producers

Strengthens regulatory and policy measures for future

growth of dairy in our country.
 LAWS GOVERNING DAIRY SECTOR AND PRODUCE

Livestock importation act, 1898

Prevention of cruelty to the animals act, 1960
Cow slaughter act, 1977
The environment (protection) rules, 1986
Milk and milk product order (mmpo), 1992
Food safety and standards act, 2006
Cattle feed (regulation of manufacture and sale) order, 2009
The prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases
in animal act, 2009
ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1962 (recently amended in 2011)
 TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS RULES, 1978

Average space per animal should not be less than 2

square metres

The Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules,

2001 state that a valid certificate issued by an
officer

The PCA (Transport of Animals on Foot) Rules,

2001 apply to transport of animals on foot
 THE FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (LICENSING AND
REGISTRATION OF FOOD BUSINESS) REGULATIONS, 2011

Food business falling under the purview of Central

Licensing Authority.

Includes:

Dairy units including milk chilling units equipped to

handle more than 50,000 litres of liquid milk/day or
2500 MT of milk solid per annum
State/Title of Gist of Provisions
Legislation
Ban on slaughter:

The Andhra Slaughter of Cow prohibited

Slaughter of bull, bullock allowed on fit-for-
Pradesh
slaughter certificate, to be given only if the
Prohibition
animal is not economical
Of cow Penal provisions:

Slaughter Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or

fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.
And animal
Offences: Cognizable
Preservation
Act, 1977
 Selection tools in dairy cattle & buffalo
Traditional- Individual performance testing,
Pedigree selection,
Progeny testing,
show ring selection.

advanced - Body condition score,

Marker assisted selection,
Genomic selection.
 GENOMIC SELECTION

Dense SNP genotypes covering the entire

genome are used to predict the genetic value
of an animal.

It refers to selection decisions based on

genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV)

http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-
0302(09)70347-9/pdf
 Marker (1) TISSUE SAMPLING
Genotyping
Trait of interest
is selected based (2) DNA EXTRACTION

on a marker
linked to it.
(3) PCR

(4) GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

(5) MARKER ANALYSIS

Latest breeding methods & tools used in dairy
industry
 Grading up
After 5 to 6 generations the grades carry 96.9 % to
98.4 % of exotic inheritance respectively:

Disadvantages of grading up:

The graded males are useless for breeding purpose

If the place is not suitable for the exotic breed it is

not suitable for grading with that breed.
 Latest breeding tools used in dairy industry

Artificial insemination
Embryo Transfer technology
Transgenesis
Gene cloning
In vitro fertilization
Sex selection of embryo
Transgenesis:
DNA microinjection,
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer and
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.
CLONING
Transgenesis
 IVF
collection of oocyte Collection of sperm

maturation of oocyte Capacitation of sperm

In vitro fertilization

In vitro culture of embryo

Evaluation of embryo

Preparation of recipient & transfer to recipient

 Problems and solutions of buffalo production

Heat detection in buffaloes

Artificial insemination
Problems of Grading up
Poor response to superovulation and embryo
recovery
Failure of breeding and selection programs
Nutrition The biggest problem
(i) Shortage of buffalo specific diagnostic kits
(ii) Quality vaccines against the common diseases
 Use of ICT tools in dairy production
Automatic Milk Collection Systems - NDDB
 Latest dairy advisory systems

KCC - 1551 or 1800-180-1551

Agricultural technology information system (atic)

TV shows rythu nestham, annadata etc

E dairy webportal

Information Network for Animal Productivity and Health

Mobile Advisory Services by ICAR-KVKs

Mobile Advisory Services by ICAR-KVKs
Dairy farming practices in marginalized areas
Nearly 170 million in India are considered as marginalized people

Growth of livestock sector slower than the national level, a

significant proportion of landless, small,& marginal farmers have
access to livestock resources

Offers opportunities to increase household income, employment

generation - provided the support services made available.
 Tools for improving labour efficiency
Labour efficiency:

Total number of hours

worked by all staff
divided by the herd size

Labour Productivity:

GDP/Total Hours worked

or (output)/(input)
 Factors to improve labour performance
1.Understanding farm situation relation to labour
2.Analysing current labour performance
3.Welfare
4.Incentives
5.Training
6.Writing job description
7.Good management techniques
8.Mechanisation
9.Precision dairy management
Methods to increase the efficiency of labour
1. Optimum supply of labour according to size of unit.
2. Optimum wages according to nature of jobs.
3. Proper distribution of work.
4. Day to day planning of work.
5. Proper layout buildings to save labour time in movements.
6. Good working relations.
7. Reasonable working hours.
8. Intelligent instructions.
9. Incentives for hard and honest work.
10. Facilities and periodical checks
 IT in formulation of rations for dairy cattle
To formulate a balanced ration at lowest possible cost with a
wide variety of ingredients
Analyze, Balance, Maximise profit, Least cost.
Softwares: PCDairy-2, CPM Dairy, Brill Multi-Species Ration
Balancer, Ecomix etc.
Others : NIANP Ready Reckoner, INAPH etc.
Limitations :
Cant encounter the toxic material
Will not count the associative effect of feeds.
Computer cannot judge the digestibility, palatability
 INAPH
NDDB has develop an information network covering all
areas of productivity enhancement

The application is being used in the progeny testing

programmes implemented by NDDB in partnership with
milk unions and AI service providers as well as by agencies
implementing ration balancing programmes.

http://www.nddb.coop/English/Services/AB/Pages/Inform
ation-Systems.aspx
INAPH
 Supply of Green Fodder throughout year
Strategies for round the year fodder availability:
1. Developing liaison among farmers
2. Development of awareness for fodder cultivation
3. Improvement in the land utilization pattern and
crop production system.
4. Establishment of local fodder market or fodder
bank.
5. Judicious feeding of green fodder.
6. Preservation of fodder by nutritional technologies.
 Choose leguminous fodder and multi cut verities of
fodder.
Calculate animal requirement
one animals unit requires 0.5-0.6 acre land for
fodder cultivation in a season.
1One Buff/ Cow/Bull is 1 AU
A Cow require 40 kg /AU/day
A Buff require 60 kg/AU/day
 Calculation of fodder requirement per year
For 50 AU
Availability of the fodder
Rabi season (Dec - April)
Barseem + Oats (50AU X60KGX150Days=450Tons)
Lean period (May - Jun)
Maize(50x60x60=180Tons)
Kharif season (Jul - Sep)
Sorghum(50x60x90=270Tons)
Lean period (Oct - Nov)
Millet(50x60x60=180Tons)

Total fodder requires for 50 AU in a year is

(450+180+270+180) 1080 tons.

 Calculate land required to cultivate fodder

Area for Barseem/Oats = Requirement/yield
450 T / 80 (T/Ha) = 5.63 ha x 2.47 =13.89 acres
Area for Maize = Requirement/yield
180 T / 50 (T/Ha) = 3.6 ha x 2.47 =8.89 acres
Area for Sorghum = Requirement/yield
270 T / 50 (T/Ha) = 5.4 ha x 2.47 =13.34 acres
Area for Millet = Requirement/yield
180 T / 45 (T/Ha) = 4 ha x 2.47 =9.88 acres
Almost 23 acres are required to cultivate fodder for 50 AU in a
season (rabi or kharif).
 HYDROPONICS TECHNOLOGY
It is a science of growing plants in nutrients rich
solutions instead of soil and can be efficiently used to
take pressure off the land to grow green feed for the
livestock.
Plants require three things to flourish, water,
nutrients, and sunlight. Hydroponics is a straight
forward way of providing all these nutrients without
the need of soil under controlled environment
conditions to optimise the growth of plants.
 CONCLUSIONS
Apart from the above other emerging areas in the field of animal
production such as precision feeding, bypass nutrients,
enhancement of CLA content in milk, genetically modified foods,
manufacturing complete feed and livestock in relation to
environment should be known to the technical persons involved in
animal production.
In the era of globalization and commercialization, animal
production cannot remain uninfluenced especially when our
country, being top milk producer in the world, is witnessing a next
white revolution and our livestock is contributing significantly in the
national economy.
 Questions & Comments..

Cattle & Buffalo Production and

Management seminars
(Advances & Summary)