LTE Radio Performance Management

Introduction
[RL20] RA4133-20A
Appendix

Module 10

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 Course Objectives

Appendix:

After completing this learning element,

the participant should be able to:

Know details of LTE physical channels

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Appendix

Physical resource concept

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Physical Resource Block

12 subcarriers In both the downlink and uplink

direction, data is allocated to
.. ..
users in terms of resource
Frequency blocks (RBs).
A resource block consists of 12
Resource 1 ms subframe consecutive subcarriers in the
block or TTI
frequency domain, that are
reserved for the duration of one
0.5 millisecond time slot.
0.5 ms slot
The smallest resource unit a
Time scheduler can assign to a user
During each TTI,
resource blocks for
is a scheduling block which
different UEs are consists of two consecutive
scheduled in the resource blocks
eNodeB

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Physical Resource Block
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB):
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.

Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Capacity allocation is based on

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resource Blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resource Element (RE):
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Theoretical minimum capacity
180 KHz

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
allocation unit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 RE is the equivalent of 1
modulation symbol on a subcarrier,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
i.e. 2 bits for QPSK, 4 bits for
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 16QAM and 6 bits for 64QAM.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 slot 1 slot
Resource
1 ms subframe Element

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LTE Frame
FDD Frame structure (also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and downlink.
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time

- Frame length =10 ms

- FDD: 10 ms sub-frame for UL and
10 ms sub-frame for DL
- 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
0.5 ms slot - 1 slot = 7 ( normal CP) or 6 symbols
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6 ( extended CP)

10 ms frame

s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
0.5 ms slot
Sy: symbol
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9

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1 ms sub-frame
LTE Sub-Frame and Cyclic Prefix
Subframe length is 1 ms for all bandwidths
Slot length is 0.5 ms
1 Subframe= 2 slots
Slot carries 7 symbols with normal cyclic prefix or 6 symbols with long prefix
CP length depends on the symbol position within the slot:
Normal CP: symbol 0 in each slot has CP= 160 x Ts (5.21s and remaining
symbols CP= 144 x Ts ( 4.7s)
Extended CP: CP length for all symbols in the slot is 512 x Ts ( 16.67s)

Short cyclic prefix: Ts: sampling time of the

overall channel. Basic Time
5.21 s Unit.
Long cyclic prefix: 1 sec
Ts =
16.67 s Subcarrier spacing X max FFT size
= Data

= Cyclic prefix Copy Ts = 32.5nsec

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Uplink Resource Block
Reference Symbols

Resource Elements
for Control and Data
symbols

RESOURCE BLOCK
Reference Symbols
N x 12 Subcarriers

Modulation Time Domain

Frequency
Signal

domain
symbols after
FFT Generation
(IFFT)
0.5 ms slot

Resource Block: 12
subcarriers in frequency
Normal CP (7 symbols)
domain, 1 slot in time domain
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 SC-FDMA symbols

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Uplink Sub-Frame (PUSCH)
Frame Structure Similar to DL: 10 ms frame consisting in 20 slots of 0.5ms
1 slot carries 7 SC-FDMA symbols in case of Normal CP and 6 SC-FDMA symbols if
Extended CP.
Symbol 3 in each slot carries the uplink Reference Signal ( normal CP) for channel
Demodulation, remaining 6 symbols are available for traffic and control data
Momentary data rate (controlled by the eNodeB scheduler) depends on the allocated
transmission bandwidth (and CP length)
UEs are assigned capacity in terms or Resource Blocks but only transmit across a subset of
Subcarriers within each RB

Demodulation Reference Signal UL TTI =1ms ( as in downlink)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Normal CP slot
10 ms frame

s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19

0.5 ms slot

SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9

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Appendix

Channel Configuration

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Introduction
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air

LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink

direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation

No need of RNC like functional element

Everything radio related can be terminated in the eNodeB

System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible

No frequency planning required

There are no dedicated physical (neither transport) channels anymore, as all

resource mapping is dynamically driven by the scheduler

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DL Physical Channels
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Carries user data
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
Logical BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
For system info (cell IDs, cell status, allowed
services, RACH parameters)
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel
For multicast traffic as MBMS services Transport BCH
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Ch
PCH DL-SCH MCH
Carries details of PDCCHs format (e.g.# of
symbols)
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel PHYS.
Carries resource assignment messages for
PBCH
downlink capacity allocations and scheduling PDCCH
PDSCH PMCH REFERENCE
SIGNALS
grants for uplink allocations PCFICH
PHICH
PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
There are no dedicated channels
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to in LTE, neither UL nor DL
UE in response to UL transmission

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UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Intended for the user data (carries traffic for multiple
UEs)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel CCCH DCCH DTCH Logical
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink RLC
scheduling request, CQIs and MIMO feedback
If control data is sent when traffic data is being
transmitted, UE multiplexes both streams together RACH Transport
If there is only control data to be sent the UE uses UL-SCH MAC
Resources Element at the edges of the channel with
higher power
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel PHYS.
For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates the
PRACH
Resource elements for PRACH use PUSCH PUCCH

PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles (max. 64

per cell in Type 1 frame) and the required length of
the preamble

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DL Reference Signals
Frequency

First slot Second slot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier
In one RB (resource block = 12
subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier
Exact position dependent on cell ID

Reference signal

*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed

Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols per
Time slot (TS 0 & TS 4)
3GPP TS 36.211 V8.6.0 (2009-03)

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DL Reference Signals (Multi-Antenna Transmission)

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1

Reference signal Unused symbol

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PBCH Mapping
Slot 0 Slot 1

Frequency
6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
(minimum LTE Bandwidth)
SSS

PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

PBCH

Time

First subframe (1 ms)

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PHICH Structure PHICH Group
12 REs on 1st OFDM symbol
Location of PHICH Groups PBCH
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which
2 UEs separated by I- & Q- branch (quasi BPSK)
indicates whether the eNodeB has correctly 4 UEs separated by Walsh spreading (Code length 4)
received a transmission on the PUSCH max. 8 UEs per PHICH Group

PCFICH resource elements HARQ HARQ Indicator:

1 0 = ACK / 1 = NACK
Indicator
Reference symbols 1/3 Repetition coding Walsh
Spreading SF4
PHICH resource elements User 7&8 = I,Q BPSK
User 5&6 = I,Q BPSK
PHICH
1 1 1 User 3&4 = I,Q BPSK Group
8 users User 1&2 = I,Q BPSK
Repetition coding

Walsh
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
spreading

D.C.

72 subcarriers
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PHICH Mapping
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK
Cell specific scrambling applied !
D0, D1, D2 Different cyclic shifts of The PBCH signals the number of PHICH groups
one root sequence configured in the cell, which enables the UEs to
evaluate the PHICH group location & calculate to
which remaining resource elements in the control
region the PDCCHs are mapped.
D2
D1
D0 PHICH
D2 D2 Groups/cell
D1 D1 Groups/cell Group repetitions /cell
D0 D0

PHICH group number indicated by P-BCH

To improve the coverage it is possible to PDCCH
semi-statically configure a PHICH duration of
three OFDM symbols.
For uplink multi-user MIMO, the same cyclic HARQ Indicator:
shift index as for DRS is used to shift the 0 = ACK / 1 = NACK
PHICH allocations in the downlink.
A cell specific cyclic shift is applied on top of 1/3 Repetition coding Walsh
the UE specific cyclic shift. Always used - Spreading SF4
several possibilities - different hopping
User 7&8 = I,Q BPSK
pattern (based on the cell id 1..504) PHICH
User 5&6 = I,Q BPSK
User 3&4 = I,Q BPSK Group
User 1&2 = I,Q BPSK

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PDCCH Size
PDCCH format id Number of CCE's Number of RE Number of PDCCH
groups bits
0 1 9 72
1 2 18 144
2 4 36 288
3 8 72 576

1 CCE (Control Channel Element) = 9 REs (Resource Elements)

The number of bits for one particular PDCCH may change based on channel
conditions:
1.UE with good DL channel quality (closed to Node-B) one CCE may be
enough
2.UE at the cell edge several CCEs up to 8 CCEs could be allocated

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Uplink Reference Signals

Associated with transmission

of uplink data on PUSCH or
Demodulation PUCCH
Reference Used for channel estimation
for coherent detection and
Signals demodulation (both PUCCH
and PUSCH)

UE

Not associated with UL data

Sounding transmissions eNodeB
Used for estimation of the UL
Reference channel quality to enable the
Signals channel dependent scheduling

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Uplink Resource Mapping
Demodulation Reference Signal:
Always on symbol 3 of each slot
(normal CP)

PUSCH mapping:
Data is allocated in multiples of 1
RB ( 12 subcarriers in frequency
domain). Only factors of 2, 3 and 5
resource blocks are allowed

PUCCH mapping:
If PUCCH not multiplexed with
PUSCH then it is transmitted on a
reserved frequency region. PUCCH
occupies RBs at both edges of the
uplink bandwidth ( in green in the
picture on the right)

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Sounding Reference Signal (Bandwidth)

Challenges
UE far from eNodeB cannot increase its transmit power to maintain the
transmission across the full bandwidth
Full bandwidth transmission limits the number of simultaneous UEs whose
channels can be sounded, due to the limited number of cyclic time shifts

Solution?
up to 4 SRS bandwidths can be simultaneously supported in LTE depending
on the system bandwidth improve the SNR and support a larger number
of SRS

8 sets of four SRS bandwidths are defined for each possible system
bandwidth provide flexibility with the values for the SRS bandwidths

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Sounding Reference Signal (Multiplexing)

Challenge: How can be transmitted simultaneous

SRS from multiple UEs using the same RBs?

UE1 UE3
Solution: UE2

using different cyclic time shifts of the same base sequence to achieve
orthogonal separation
- multiple UEs share the same RB and the same offset of the comb
- eight (evenly-spaced) cyclic time shifts per SRS-comb are supported
with the cyclic shift being configured individually for each UE
- reference signals must span the same frequency band
Through frequency multiplexing by assigning different UEs to
different frequency shifts or combs .
- Transmission doesnt cover identical frequency bands

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Sounding Reference Signal (Structure)
Subframe 0
No DFT Remember: Slot 0 Slot 1
spreading ! Each modulation symbol
6 MHz PUSCH bandwidth
for single UE
DFT = Discrete
Fourier Transform
Block only UL
implemented 0
0
Cyclic extension X0SRS

OFDM Modulator
of Zadoff-Chu 0
X1SRS

36 Subcarriers
sequence of 0
prime length M
(frequency 0
domain) XM-1SRS
0
0
PUSCH transmission

Demodulation reference signal

SC-FDMA symbol
Sounding reference signal number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Normal CP
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Sounding Reference Signal (Sub-Frame Configuration)
Subframe 0
Slot 1 Slot 2
Subframe configuration
The subframes in which SRS are
transmitted by any UE within the cell
are indicated by cell-specific PUSCH DM RS
broadcast signaling.

36 Subcarriers
Position
The SRS transmissions are always in
the last SC-FDMA symbol in the
configured subframes

SRS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Normal CP
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 Sounding Reference Signal (Bandwidth)

Wideband SRS Transmission Narrowband SRS Transmission

(Non Frequency hopping SRS ) (Frequency hopping SRS )
System bandwidths 4060 RBs.
Subframe 0Subframe 1Subframe 2 Subframe 0Subframe 1Subframe 2 SRS BW SRS SRS SRS SRS
config. BW 0 BW 1 BW 2 BW 3

0 48 24 12 4

More 1 48 16 8 4
wideband
16 RBs

SRS 2 40 20 4 4
bandwidth
3 36 12 4 4
= 4 RBs 3
= 12 RBs
4 32 16 8 4

5 24 4 4 4

6 20 4 4 4

7 16 4 4 4
Minimum Narow
SRS bandwidth
Sounding reference signal
= 4 RBs
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PUCCH Mapping
Format 2/2a/2b
Format 2/2a/2b Format 2/2a/2b

Format 1/1a/1b Format 1/1a/1b

PUCCH
Bandwith
Total UL

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms

Time

Format 1/1a/1b Format 1/1a/1b

Format 2/2a/2b Format 2/2a/2b

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PUCCH Mapping (Demodulation Reference Signal)

PUCCH
Bandwith
Total UL

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms

Time
ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK
CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ACK = Acknowledgment
Symbol number (normal CP)
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
DRS = Demodulation Reference Signals
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Appendix

RAN optimisation examples

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PHICH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
How to differentiate different cells??
Cell specific scrambling applied

How to differentiate the UEs?

PHICH groups (multiple PHICH on the same resource elements)

Different PHICH in a PHICH group are separated using complex Walsh
sequences
Walsh sequence length is 4 (2 for extended CP)
BPSK modulation is used for PHICH
Thus an individual PHICH can be uniquely represented by the number of the
PHICH group, the number of the orthogonal sequence within the group, and
information whether the I or the Q branch is used
The number of PHICH in a group is thus up to twice the sequence length (max 8
UEs receiving their acknowledgements on the same set of downlink resource
elements)

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PHICH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
Subframe configuration
an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be
acknowledged on the PHICH in subframe n + 4.

Position in time
PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only of each subframe
allows UE to attempt to decode the PHICH even if it failed
decoding of the PCFICH.
To improve the coverage it is possible to semi-statically configure a
PHICH duration of three OFDM symbols

Position in frequency
Each PHICH group is mapped to three resource-element groups,
separated by approximately one-third of the downlink cell
bandwidth obtain good frequency diversity.
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PHICH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
Challenge: How can I know what is my PHICH group and my
PHICH inside the group??

Solution:
PHICH group number indicated in PBCH
PHICH inside the group based on index
1 to 1 mapping PUSCH index PHICH index
PUSCH index = the index of the lowest UL resource block that has
been used for the UL transmission
In the case of uplink multi-user MIMO the same cyclic shift index
as for demodulation reference signals is used to shift the PHICH
allocations in the downlink each UE will receive its ACK or NACK
on a different PHICH.

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 PDCCH Size (Example) 1 CCE = 9 REGs = 36 RE

PCFICH

PHICH Allocation for UE 1

PDCCH

UE 1
Frequency

Allocation for UE 2

Time
UE 2
CCE = Control Channel Elements
REG = Resource Elements Groups
RE = Resource Elements

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PDCCH Size (Example)
PDCCH: DCI Allocation Example

PDCCH # # # PDCCH
Format CCEs REs bits

Channel Quality
1 CCE 0 1 36 72
(minimum LTE Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz)

= 36 RE 1 2 72 144
72 central subcarriers = 6 RBs

2 4 144 288
2 CCE
= 72 RE 3 8 288 576

Number of CCEs for 1 PDCCH may change

from 1 8 CCEs channel conditions

TS 36.211 Tab. 6.8.1-1:

supported PDCCH formats 0 3

PCFICH PHICH
Time Resource Elements Resource Elements

REs reserved for PDCCH

CCE: Control Channel Element

DCI: DL Control Information
DL Reference Symbols Resource Elements

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Cyclic Shift Hopping
A cell specific cyclic shift is applied on top of the UE specific cyclic
shift

Always used

Several possibilities -> different hopping pattern (based on the cell

id 1..504)

PUSCH -> cyclic shift in every slot

PUCCH -> cyclic shift in every symbol

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Sequence Group Hopping

A group hopping pattern defined

Same group hopping pattern to 30 cells in a cluster

30 groups

504 cell IDs

504/30 = 17 sequence groups hopping patterns

Minimise the probability to use the same group at the same time in 2
neighbour cells

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Sequence Group Planning

Different colors Different root

sequences

D1, D2, D3 Different cyclic

shifts of one root sequence

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Sequence Hopping

Hopping between the 2 base sequences

Only for resource allocation with Bandwidth > 60 subcarriers

Could be switched on/off

Used when the sequence group hopping is off

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Thank You !

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