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WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK STUDY
TIME STUDY (Direct Time Study & Activity Sampling)
JOB DESIGN
PRINCIPLES OF MOTION STUDY
7-2 Design of Work Systems
WORK STUDY
A discipline that focus on better ways of performing
tasks (jobs)
- Involves Time Study - control the output quantity by
setting standard time for tasks (in producing output).
- Involves Work Design - to improve processing method.
7-3 Design of Work Systems
Time Study
Observation of labour standard time based on work sample.
Average time is used in setting the standard.
Stopwatch time study
Historical times
Predetermined data
Work Sampling
Continued
6. Determine the normal time for each specific element
Normal time = (Average actual cycle time) x (Rating factor)
Time Allowance
1. Constant allowance
(a) Personal allowance 5%
(b) Basic fatigue allowance 4%
2. Variable allowances:
(a) Standing allowance 2%
(b) Abnormal position 2%
(i) Awkward (bending) 7%
(ii) Very awkward (lying, 3%
stretching)
7-8 Design of Work Systems
Time study data are taken by stop watch. Total allowance = 15% of the normal
time. Workers performance rating = 110%.
Determine the standard time.
Calculate the labor cost for each product if the workers wage is RM 3 per hour.
7-9 Design of Work Systems
2 10 12 10 11 12 11 12.1 14.235
3 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Standard time:
Overall std time = 11.129+14.235+25+9.318 = 59.682 s
3.00RM / hr 4
Worker's wage 8.33(10) RM / sec
3600s /hr
Work Sampling
Work Sampling
Used for
Ratio delay studies
Setting labor standards
Measuring worker performance
The Five Step
7-14 Design of Work Systems
Productive IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII I 41 41/45 = 91%
Productive IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII I 41 41/45 = 91%
hr min
Total observation time 8 60 6 day 2880 min
day hr
Standard Time,ST
Total observation time 1
Productive % Rating
Total output 1 allowance
2880 min 1
Standard Time, ST 0.91 0.97
3000 unit 1 0.15
min
0.997
unit
7-18 Design of Work Systems
Solved Problem
Work Elements Cycle 1 (t1) Cycle 2 (t2) Cycle 3 (t3) Cycle 4 (t4)
Data from stop watch (in minutes) of a manual assembly process time study. The
worker is rated at 108%. The allowances are 5% for fatigue, 6% for delay, and 6%
for personal relief. The workers salary is RM1000 per month.
a)Compute the standard time for the assembly process.
b)If the demand is 100,000 unit per month, estimate the number of operators
required for the assembly process. The company is operating 24 days per month
and a single 8 hour shift per day.
c)If the company can only manage to employ 18 workers, compute the over time
cost per day for each worker for the production of 100,000 units per month. Assume
only 15 workers are available for over time and the over time pay rate is 1.5 times of
the normal wage.
7-19 Design of Work Systems
Solved Problem
Element Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Average Normal Std
Time Time
1 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.259 0.312
2 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.173 0.208
3 0.90 1.10 1.04 1.00 1.01 1.091 1.314
4 0.72 0.80 0.76 0.68 0.74 0.799 0.963
(a) Element1
0.22 0.26 0.25 0.23
Average Time 0.24 min
4
1 1
Standard Time Normal Time x 0.259 0.32min
1- Allowance 1 0.17
Total Assembly Standard Time 0.312 0.208 1.314 0.963 2.797 min/unit
7-20 Design of Work Systems
Solved Problem
(b)
hr day min min
Working time of 1operator 18 24 60 11,520
day mth hr mth
min
11,520
Monthly quantity produced by1operator mth 4,118.70 unit
min mth
2.797
unit
unit
Monthly Demand 100,000
Number of operators required mth 24.28 25
Capacity per operator unit
4118.70
mth
7-21 Design of Work Systems
Solved Problem
(c)
unit
Monthly quantity produced by18 operators 4,118.70 18 74,137units
mth
unit
Monthly quantity shortage 100,000 - 74,137 25,863
mth
unit
25,863
Daily quantity shortage mth 1077.6 unit
day day
24
mth
min hr
3,014 50.234
day day
7-22 Design of Work Systems
Solved Problem
Considering only15 operators are availablefor over time work,
therefore over time hours for each operator per day
hr
50.234
day 3.349 hr
15 operator operator day
RM
1,000
Normal wage mth 5.208 RM
day hr hr
24 8
mth day
RM RM
Over time wage 1.5 x 5.208 7.812
hr hr
Tutorial 1
Process Description Average Time (min)
1 Manual 23
2 Manual 32
3 Automatic machine 9
4 Manual 8
Rating : 110%
Allowance: 20%
Tutorial 1
(a)
(b)
Maximum capacity is determined by the bottleneck machine capacity.
= 53.33 unit/day
7-25 Design of Work Systems
Tutorial 2
Emirates Consultant conducted a work sampling studies for 5 consecutive days at an
assembly factory. A total of 48 observations were made during the 8 hour working
period for each day. The data collected during the 5 day studies is illustrated in Table
1. The whole assembly process is operating on 5 working days per week, 95% rating
and the companys allowable allowances is 20%.
Item Data
Total input over 5 days studies 2,500 unit
Assembly process at fast speed 35% of observations
Assembly process at moderate speed 45% of observations
Assembly process at slow speed 5% of observations
Production is stopped due to no operator 5% of observations
Production is stopped due to no material 10% of observations
7-26 Design of Work Systems
Tutorial 2
(i)
Total observation time 8 x 5 x 60 2,400 min
(ii)
unit
3,100
Peak Demand wk 620
unit
day wk
5
wk
min
8 x 60
Capacity during normal 8 hours day 495.4
unit
min day
0.969
unit
7-27 Design of Work Systems
Tutorial 2
Capacity shortage 620 - 495.4 124.6 unit/day
If all employees are forced to do over time, the over time hours
unit min min
124.6 0.969 120.74
day unit day
Job Design
Specialization
Behavioral Approaches to Job Design
Teams
Methods Analysis
Motions Study
Working conditions
7-30 Design of Work Systems
Job Specialization
Advantages
Job Specialization
Disadvantages
Job Enlargement
Giving a worker a larger portion of the total
task by horizontal loading
Job Rotation
Workers periodically exchange jobs
Job Enrichment
Increasing responsibility for planning and
coordination tasks, by vertical loading
7-34 Design of Work Systems
Enriched job
Planning
(participating in a cross-
function quality-
improvement team)
Enlarged job
Task #3 Present job Task #2
(lock printed circuit (manually insert and (adhere labels
board into fixture for solder six resistors) to printed
next operation) circuit board)
Control
(Test circuits after
assembly)
7-35 Design of Work Systems
Job Design Continuum
Self-directed
teams
Increasing
Empowerment reliance on
employees
Enrichment contribution
and
Enlargement increasing
responsibility
Specialization accepted by
employee
Job expansion
Figure 10.3
7-36 Design of Work Systems
Self-Directed Teams
Self-Directed Teams
Methods Analysis
Methods analysis
Analyzing how a job gets done
Begins with overall analysis
Methods Analysis
Figure 7-2
FLOW PROCESS CHART ANALYST PAGE
Job Requisition of petty cash D. Kolb 1 of 2
Details of Method
Requisition made by department head
Put in pick-up basket
To accounting department
Account and signature verified
Amount approved by treasurer
Amount counted by cashier
Amount recorded by bookkeeper
Petty cash sealed in envelope
Petty cash carried to department
Petty cash checked against requisition
Receipt signed
Petty cash stored in safety box
7-43 Design of Work Systems
Process
Flow
Chart
Flow Diagram
Welding
From
Storage bins
press
mach. Paint
shop
Mach. 3 Mach. 4
Machine 1
Mach. 2
Flow Diagram
Machine 4 Welding
Machine 3
Paint
Machine 2 shop
Machine 1
From
press Storage
mach. bins
Il lumination Color
7-53 Design of Work Systems