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Contents & References

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL
SYSTEMS
2. CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF
SYSTEMS
3. CHAPTER 3 STATE VARIABLE MODELS
4. CHAPTER 4 FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
5. CHAPTER 5 THE PERFORMANCE OF
FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS
6. CHAPTER 6 THE STABILITY OF LINEAR
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
7. CHAPTER 7 THE ROOT LOCUS METHOD
8. CHAPTER 8 FREQUENCY RESPONSE METHODS
 Contents & References

1.Ogata Modern control

engineering2002 fourth edition.
2. Dorf &Bishop Modern Control
Systems 12th edition 2011
3.1997 / 0

4. 1997 / 0

Fundamental to any control system is the ability to measure

the output of the system, and to take corrective action if its
value deviates from some desired value.
Definitions:
1. Plant is piece of equipment, or a set of machine parts
working together, the purpose of which is to perform a
particular operation
Any physical object to be controlled (such as a mechanical
device, a heating furnace, an electric machine, a chemical
reactor or a space craft) will be called a plant.
2. Process is a progressively continuing operation that
consists of a series of controlled actions or movements
systematically directed toward a particular result or end.
3. System is a combination of components that act together
and perform a certain objective.
 4. Controlled variable is the quantity or condition that is
measured and controlled
5. Manipulated variable is the quantity or condition that
that is varied by the controller so as to affect the value of
the controlled variable.
6. Disturbances is a signal that tends to adversely affect
the value of the output of a system
7. Feedback control refers to an operation that, in the
presence of disturbances, tends to reduce the difference
between the output of a system and some reference input
and does so on the basis of this difference.
Objectives of automatic control
1. Minimize human effect
2.Improve system performance
3. Improve quality of production
4. Lower cost of production
5. Expand production rate
6. Reduce losses
 1. Introduction to Control systems
1.1 Introduction
Control systems are an integral part of modern
society. Numerous applications are all around us:
Household appliances, temperature-control
system, robotic systems , traffic control systems,
chemical process systems. Control engineers are
concerned with controlling segments of their
environment, often called systems, to provide
useful economic products for society.
 1. Introduction to Control systems
1.1 Introduction
Control engineering is based on foundations of
feedback theory and linear system analysis, and it
integrates the concepts of network theory and
communication theory. It is equally applicable to
electrical, aeronautical, chemical, mechanical,
environmental, and civil engineering.
A control system is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
system response.
1. Introduction to Control systems
1.1 Introduction
Each component is described by a cause-effect relation.
Therefore a component or process to be controlled can be
represented by a block

The input- output relation represents the cause-and-

effect relationship of the process
 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

1.2 Classification of Control systems

An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to
control the process directly without feedback
Example of an open-loop control system
Simple tank level control system
-We wish to hold the tank level, h, within reasonable acceptable
limits even though the outlet flow through valve V1 is
varied.
-This can be achieved by irregular manual adjustment of the
inlet flow rate by valve V2.
- This is not a precision system since it does not have the
capability of accurately measuring the output flow rate
through V1, the input flow rate through valve V2, or the tank
level.
 1. Introduction to Control systems
The simple relationship between the input (the desired
tank level) and the output (the actual tank level) can be
represented by a block diagram
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the
output and feedback of this signal to compare it with
the desired output (reference or command)

Note that the above system has one input and one
output. [SISO]
EXAMPLE OF A CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM

Automatic tank level control system

The above figure illustrates an automatic tank level control
system. It can maintain the desired tank level h within
quite accurate tolerances even though the output flow
rate through valve V1 is varied. If the tank level is not
correct, an error voltage, e is developed. This is
amplified and applied to a motor drive which adjusts
valve V2 in order to restore the desired tank level by
adjusting the inlet flow rate. A block diagram of this
system is shown.
As the complexity of the systems under control
increases, the interrelationship of many
controlled variables must be considered in the
control scheme. In this case we have a
multivariable control system. [MIMO]
P1.1 An automobile driver uses a control system to
maintain the speed of the car at a prescribed level.
Sketch a block diagram to illustrate this feedback
system.
P1.1 A driver controlled cruise control system:
closed loop control
P1.3 Because a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind,
and traveling straight downwind is usually slow, the
shortest sailing distance is rarely a straight line. Thus
sailboats tack upwindthe familiar zigzag courseand
jibe downwind. A tactician's decision of when to tack and
where to go can determine the outcome of a race.
Describe the process of tacking a sailboat as the wind
shifts direction. Sketch a block diagram depicting this
process. Tacking a sailboat as the wind shifts:
P1.4 A cutaway view of a commonly used pressure regulator
is shown in Figure PI. 18. The desired pressure is set by
turning a calibrated screw. This compresses the spring
and sets up a force that opposes the upward motion of the
diaphragm. The bottom side of the diaphragm is exposed
to the water pressure that is to be controlled/Thus the
motion of the diaphragm is an indication of the pressure
difference between the desired and the actual pressures. It
acts like a comparator. The valve is connected to the
diaphragm and moves according to the pressure difference
until it reaches a position in which the difference is zero.
Sketch a block diagram showing the control system with the
output pressure as the regulated variable.
CDP1.1 Increasingly stringent requirements of modern, high-
precision machinery are placing increasing demands on slide
systems. The typical goal is to accurately control the desired
path of the table shown in Figure CDP1.1. Sketch a block
diagram model of a feedback system to achieve the desired
goal. The table can move in the x direction as shown.
NONLINEAR HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT DETECTION AND LOCATION IN EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
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