Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

Introduction of Two-Port Network

Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
Feedback Topology
Analysis of feedback applications
Close-Loop Gain
Input/Output resistances

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 1

Two-Port Network (z-parameters)
(Open-Circuit Impedance)
I I V1 z11 z12 I1
V z
1 2

+ + 2 21 z22 I 2
z 11
z 22

V 1 V 2 V1 z11I1 z12 I 2
zI + + z21I1

12 2

V2 z21I1 z22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit V Open-circuit forward z V2

z11 1 21
I1 I 2 0
input impedance I1 I 2 0 transimpedance

Open-circuit V2
Open-circuit reverse z V1 z22
transimpedance 12
I 2 I1 0 output impedance I 2 I1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 2

Two-Port Network (y-parameters)
(Short-Circuit Admittance)
I1 I2 I1 y11 y12 V1
I y y22 V2
+ + 2 21
1/y11 1/y22
V1 V2 I1 y11V1 y12V2
y12V2 y21V1
I 2 y21V1 y22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit I Short-circuit forward y I 2

y11 1 21
V1 V2 0
input admittance V1 V2 0 transadmittance

Short-circuit I2
Short-circuit reverse y I1 y22
transadmittance 12
V2 V1 0 output admittance V2 V1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 3

Two-Port Network (h-parameters)
(hybrid)
I 1
I 2
V1 h11 h12 I1
I h V
+ + 2 21 22 2
h
h 11
1/h 22

V 1 V 2 V1 h11I1 h12V2
hV + hI21 1

12 2

I 2 h21I1 h22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit V Short-circuit forward h I 2

h11 1 21
I1 V2 0
input impedance I1 V2 0 current gain

Open-circuit I2
Open-circuit reverse h V1 h22
voltage gain 12
V2 I1 0 output admittance V2 I1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 4

Two-Port Network (g-parameters)
(inverse-hybrid)
I 1 I 2
I1 g11 g12 V1
+ + V g g 22 I 2
1/g 11 g 22
2 21
V 1 V 2
I1 g11V1 g12 I 2
gI 12 2
+ g21V1

V2 g21V1 g22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit I Open-circuit forward g V2

g11 1 21
V1 I 2 0
input admittance V1 I 2 0 current gain

Short-circuit V2
Short-circuit reverse g I1 g 22
current gain 12
I 2 V1 0 output impedance I 2 V1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 5

 z-parameter example
I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 12 3 I2
+ + + 12 + + +
V1 6 V2 V1 V2 V1 6 V2
3
Z11 6 Z 22 6 Z11 12 Z 22 3 Z11 18 Z 22 9
V1 V1
Z12 6 Z12 0 Z12
V1 6I
2 6
I 2 I1 0 I 2 I1 0 I 2 I1 0 I 2
V2 V2
Z 21 6 Z 21 0 Z 21
V2 6I
1 6
I1 I 2 0 I1 I 2 0 I1 I 2 0 I1

Z
6 6
Z
12 0
Z
18 6

6 6 0 3 6 9
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 6
 y-parameter example
I1 0.05S I2 I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
+ + + +
V1 V2 V1 V2
0.025S
1
1 1
y11 0.05S y22 0.05S y11 0.0692S
0.1 0.2 0.025
I1 0.05V2 1
y12 0.05S 1 1
V2 V1 0 V2 y22 0.0769S
0.2 0.1 0.025
I2 0.05V1 I1
y21 0.05S y12
V1 V2 0 V1 V2 V1 0
0.05 0.05 But I 2 y22V2 0.0769V2
y I1 I 2 I1
0.05 0.05
0.1 0.025
I1 0.8 I 2 0.0615V2
y12 0.0615S
By reciprocal , y21 y12 0.0615S
0.0692 0.0615
y
0.0615 0.0769
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 7
 y-parameter example (Cont)
y11 0.05 0.692 0.1192 0.05S
y22 0.05 0.769 0.1269
I1
I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
y21 y12
V2 V1 0 + +
I 2 y22V2 0.1269V2 V1 V2
0.05 0.025S
I 0.05S I 2 0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S I 2 I 0.05S 0.0769V2 Note: the y-matrix is equal to
0. 1 the sum of two former ones.
I 0.1S 0.0769V2 0.0615V2
0.1 0.025 Therefore, y-parameters is
I1 0.0615V2 0.05V2 0.1115V2 normally used in analysis of
y12 0.1115 y21 shunt-shunt circuits
0.1115
Y
0.1192 What connection should be for

0.1115 0.1269 h- or g- parameters?

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 8

 General Feedback Structure
Vs + V V A : Open Loop Gain
Source A Load
- A = Vo / V

Vf : feedback factor
= Vf / Vo

V Vs V f Close loop gain : ACL

Vo

A 1 T
( )
Vs 1 A 1 T
V f Vo Loop Gain : T A
V VS Vo Amount of feedback : 1 A
1
Vo A V Note : ACL
A

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 9

 Negative Feedback Properties
Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies
it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
Reduce effect of noise
Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
Extend bandwidth of amplifier
All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 10

 Gain De-sensitivity
Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the
basic amplifiler.
Assume is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,
A dACL 1 dA
ACL Differential respected with A or dA
1 A (1 A ) 2 (1 A ) 2
CL
dA

Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL dA (1 A ) 1 dA

ACL (1 A ) 2 A 1 A A

This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

feedback amount.
(1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 11

 Basic Feedback Topologies
Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)

(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current)

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 12

Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)
Basic amplifier
Voltage Gain Calculation:
I i + r o +
+ V Vo A V
V ri AV o

V f Vo
+ Vo
Vi Vi V V f Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
+
Vf=Vo V
ACL o (
1 T
)
Vi 1 T
where T A
Feedback network
And, we get
Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
Vi A
voltage source Vo
Requires high input impedance, low 1 A
output impedance Vi V (1 A )
Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 13
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
Vi (Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Rin Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0 ro Io
Io
Vi (1 T ) V
Vo A V
V Vi Io + AV

+
Vo
Ii ro
ri (1 T ) ri
V Vo Vi 0
Vi
Rin (1 T ) ri V Vo
Ii
Vo A Vo
Io
ro
Vo ro r
Rout o
Io 1 A 1 T

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 14

 h-parameter Modeling
I1
zs + Only uni-lateral case
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL will be considered :
h12aV2 + h21aI1
V (1) NO reverse
V
1
2
dependent signal
+ found in the
amplifier network.
|h12a| = 0
h11f h21f I1
1/h22f (2) NO reverse
h12f V2 +
dependent signal
found in the
feedback network.
|h21f| = 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 15

 I1
zs
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL
1/h22f
V 2 Uni-lateral
h21aI1
V 1

+ From Input port : V1 (h11a h11 f Z s ) I1 h12 f V2

From output port : (h22a h22 f YL )V2 h21a I1 0
h11f
h21a I1
Put V2 back to first equation,
h12f V2 +
(h22a h22 f YL )
For h12 f 0, the Open Loop Gain,
V2 h21a h
A 21a
V1 (h11a h11 f Z s )( h22a h22 f YL ) zi yo
where zi h11a h11 f Z s and yo h22a h22 f YL
With the feedback f h12 f , the Closed Loop Gain is
h21a
A z i yo h21a
ACL
1 A h h zi yo h21a h12 f
1 21a 12 f
zi yo
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 16
 Series-Shunt Example
Given : A 105 , R1 1k, R2 9k, r 10M and ro 40

Vi +
V Vo Amplifier
Vi +
Vf V r r Vo
+

R2 AV
R1
Vf Vo
It is observed that: R1 R2
(1) Series connection in input ports Feedback
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
Series-Shunt connection Equivalent circuit
h-parameter should be used.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 17
 h-parameter analysis
I1
V1 V2 h11 f V1 R1 // R2
R1 R2
0.9
R2 I1 V2 0 R1 R2
R1 V1 I 2 R1 R1
h12 f 0.1
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2
I2 I2 1 1
h22 f
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2 10k

h 11f
1
h 22f

h V +

12f 2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 18

Firstly, set h12 f 0 for open loop circuit and
I1 r
from the input port, +
+ +
r r V
V V1 ~V +
r h 1
1/h22f V 2
11 f AV

from output port, V 1
h11f
V2 AV
h22 f V2 0
ro
h12f V2 +

1
by putting V1 V and h22 f , we get
R1 R2
1 1 AV1
V2
ro R1 R2 ro
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is The input impedance,
V A( R1 R2 ) R in (1 AOP )( h11 f r )
A OP 2 ~ A 105
V1 r0 R1 R2
The output impedance,
And the close loop voltage gain,
ro //(1 / h22 f )
AOP 105 R out 0
A CL ~ 10 1 AOP
1 AOP 1 (10 )(0.1)
5

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 19

 Feedback Structure (Series-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
Ii I
I o A V
+ AV
V f Io
V ri
Vi ro Io
Vi V V f Io
+ V A
(Close Loop Transadmit tance Gain)
I 1 T
Vf=Io + ACL o ( )
Vi 1 T

where T A
And, we get
Feedback network V A
Io i
1 A
Vi V (1 A )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 20

Input/Output Resistance (Series-Series)

Input Resistance: Output Resistance

(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Vi
Rin Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0
Io
(1 T ) V
from input port,
Ii
V V f I o
(1 T ) ri
from output port,
Vo V
I o AV T I o o
ro ro
Vo
Rout (1 T )ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 21

 Series-Series Example
+VCC B C
+ +
R1 RC r r
vo E
vs vs vo
R1//R2 RC
RE
R2 RE
Feedback network

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter ac small signal equivalent circuit

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 22

 Feedback Network with z-parameter
I1 I2
ii
+ io
V1 RE V2
r v
+ ro +
vs gv
z11f vo
v1
z11 f
i1 i2 0
RE
z22f
z12fio +

v1
Z12 f RE
i2 i1 0
Reduce equivalent circuit
v
Z 22 f 2 RE
i2 i1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 23

 Close loop analysis
r
v vs and io gv
r Z
11 f
io rg
Then open loop transadmi ttance gain is Aop
vs r RE
Therefore,
r g
Aop r RE r g
The close loop transadmi ttance gain is ACL
1 Aop 1 r gRE r RE r gRE
r RE
Input impedance is :
r gR
R in (r z11 f )(1 AOL ) (r RE )1 E
(r RE )
(r RE ) gr RE
Output impedance is :
R out [( z 22 f )(1 AOL )]
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 24
 Final Rin and Rout
ii
+ io
r v
+ ro +
gv
vs z11f vo
R1//R2 RC
z22f
z12fio +

R'in Rin Rout R'out

R' in R in // R1 // R2 R' out R out // RC

[( r RE ) gr RE ] // R1 // R2 [( z22 f )(1 AOP )] // RC

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 25

 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
Vo A I A( I i I f )
+ I ro + I f Vo
+ Vo
Ii Vi r i AI A( I i Vo ) Vo
AI i (1 T )Vo
(Close Loop Transimped ance Gain)
V 1 T
ACL o ( )
Ii 1 T
If= V
where T A
o

And, we get
Feedback network I A
Vo i
1 A
I i I (1 A )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 26
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V
Rin i Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0
Io
I ri
from input port,
I (1 T )
ri I I f Vo

(1 T ) from output port,
Vo AI Vo TVo
Io
ro ro
Vo ro
Rout
I o (1 T )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 27

 Shunt-Shunt Example
Vcc
Rs
+
RC V r
gV
RF Vs + Rc RL Vo

RS C2

C1 RL
vS +
RF

CE amplifier ac small signal equivalent circuit

Shunt-Shunt connection found! y-parameter

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 28

 I1 I2

I1 y11V1 y12V2 V1 RF V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
Feedback Network
I1 1
y11
V1 V2 0 RF
I I 1 I1 I2
y12 1 2
V2 V1 0 V 2 RF 1/RFVo
I2 1 V1 RF RF
y22
V2 V1 0 RF

y-parameter modeling

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 29

 From input port, + Vo
V I S ( RF // r ) RF V gV
V Is r RF RC//RL
IS
( RF // r )
And from output port,
Vo 1/RF EVo
gV 0
RF // RC // RL ri
Rin
Vo gV ( RF // RC // RL ) (1 AOP )
Vo ( RF // r )
Open loop tranimped ance gain :
IS (1 AOP )
AOP gV ( RF // RC // RL )( RF // r ) ro
Rout
1 (1 AOP )
With feedback factor ,
RF ( RF // RC // RL )

the close loop transimpe dance gain : (1 AOP )
AOP Vo Vo
ACL Voltage Gain :
1 AOP Vs I s ( Rs Rin )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 30
 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
I I o A I A( I i I f )
+ I I f Io
Ii V i r i
AI r o
A( I i I o ) I o
AI i (1 T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
I 1 T
ACL o ( )
Ii 1 T
If = I o where T A
And, we get
Feedback network I A
Io i
1 A
I i I (1 A )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 31
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V I r
Rin i i Vo
Ii Ii Rout |Vi 0
Ii Io
ri from input port,
(1 T )

Ii I I f I o
ri from output port, I o Vo / ro AI

(1 T ) Vo ( I o AI )ro
Vo ( I o T I o )ro
Vo
Rout (1 T )ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 32

 Summary
Feedback Close loop Input Output Parameter
Structure gain impedance impedance used

Series- Vo 1 T
( ) Rin (1 T ) ri R ro h-parameter
Shunt Vi 1 T out
1 T
Series- Io 1 T
( ) Rin (1 T ) ri Rout (1 T ) ro z-parameter
Series Vi 1 T

Shunt- Vo 1 T ri
( ) Rin ro y-parameter
Shun Ii 1 T Rout
1 T 1 T
Shunt- Io 1 T
( ri
Ii 1 T
) Rin Rout (1 T ) ro g-parameter
Series 1 T
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 33
 Supplementary
+VCC
R1 100
RC 1k
R1 RC vo
vs R E 2 k
200
RE
r 10k

Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 34

 Circuit Theory
vs
Rin R1 // R where R
ib ib
vs v E v vs ib vo
but ib and E ib ( 1)
r RE r
vs ib r vE ib [r ( 1) RE ] vE RC
R1
Rin R1 //[ r ( 1) RE ] ~ 100
RE
To find Rout , vs 0 ib 0
Rout RC 1k

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 35

 Two Port Network
ib
v1 vs ib vo
z11 f RE
i1 i2 0 r
v1
Z12 f RE
i2 i1 0 RE
v2
Z 22 f RE
i2 i1 0

RE RE
RE
+
RE i 2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 36

 The Open Loop Transadmit tance Gain is found by setting feedback signal 0
vs ib (r RE )
io ib
io ib ib
AOL vs vo
vs ib (r RE ) (r RE )
r
Rin (r RE ) 1 RE
(r RE )
ib
R1 RC
Rout RE 1 RE RE
(r RE ) RE
+
RE io
Rin Rin // R1 ~ R1 100
Rout // RC ~ RC 1k
Rout
R'in Rin Rout R'out

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 37