PILE FOUNDATION

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FOUNDATIONS
What is Pile Foundation?
Construction of foundation of a abutment or pier supported on piles.
a column usually of RCC that is driven into the foundation soil or constructed
inside the foundation soil.
the part of structure used to carry & transfer load of the structure to the bearing
ground located at some depth below ground surface.

Main components of Pile Foundation

Piles are long slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of
high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity.
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support & transmit
column loads to the piles.
Advantages of Pile Foundation
Frequently needed because of the relative inability of shallow footings to resist
inclined, lateral, uplift and overturning moments.
Used in areas of expansive or collapsible soils to resist undesirable seasonal
movements of the foundations used for any type of structure and soil.
now-a- days used instead of well and caisson foundation.
Can be used in any type of soil.

Where are they used?

When stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth.
Where soil is compressible, water logged or of made up type.
Situations which
demand pile
foundation

Examples:
used for foundations of
heavy bridges,
Buildings
Water front installations
(piers, wharf, docks etc)
 Types of Piles

Function/Use Installation method

Materials
 Displacement piles are
driven or otherwise forced into
the ground to displace
subsoil, such as solid piles or
piles inside tubes, closed at
their lower ends by shoe or
plug.
Non-displacement piles are
formed by boring or other
methods of excavation that do
not displace subsoil & where
bore hole is lined with casing
or tube left or extracted.
Displacement piles

Replacement piles
PRECAST PILES
Sizes vary from 300-450 mm length of
a side & upto 18 m or more in length,
piles upto 1.5 m dia are also available.
reinforced with mild steel bars of 20-
38 mm dia, stirrups usually 6-8 mm dia.
Increase in lateral reinforcement at end
assist in withstanding high stresses
developed during driving.
strengthened at head for higher
stresses, upper 500-900 mm by use of
stronger grade of concrete.

Driven Piles
formed by driving a precast pile &
those made by casting concrete in hole
formed by driving.
Square, polygonal, round sections are
cast in moulds, cured, to devlop max.
strength.
Placing reinforcement, mixing, placing
compaction & curing of concrete for
piles of uniform strength & cross
section.
 Soil condition Type of pile
(recommended)

soil consists of slit for Tapered pile

appreciable depth.

Soil is very weak or loose Cast-in-situ pile with casing to prevent

inflow of soil into the pile
Soil is subjected to strong water flow Precast pile with permanent casing

Strata is firm Uncased cast-in-situ or precast pile

Soil is firm clay Drilled piles(with or without enlarged

base)
In case piling is to be done very near to Open ended tube pile or H-pile
some existing structure
End Bearing
&
Friction Piles

Piles that
transfer load mainly by end bearing at the pile
point or base to compact gravel, hard clay or rock
are termed as end bearing piles.

transfer load mainly by friction to clays and silts

are termed as friction piles.
Driven Cast in place Piles
two types- first one has
permanent steel or concrete casing
& second is without permanent
casing.
Precast concrete shells are
threaded on a steel mandrel.
Metal bands & bitumen seal joints
between shells.
Mandrel & shell are lifted on to
the piling rig & then driven into
ground.
at reqd. depth mandrel is
removed, a reinforcing cage is
lowered into shell & concrete
casted inside.

A Standard Pile
Driven Cast in place Pile without
permanent casing
formed by driving a lining tube
with cast iron shoe into ground
with a piling hammer operating in
pile rig.
piles formed thru sub-stratum so
compact so as to be incapable of
being taken out by drilling.
Standard piles made in sizes of
350, 450, 500 mm dia , larger
loads of 600-750- kN, formed in
length of 25 m & over.
cast shoe iron is driven until
desired set has been obtained by
2000-2500 kg hammer,
delivering 40 blows per minute
with stroke of upto 1.4 m.
cage of reinforcement is lowered
down the tube, tube filled with
concrete. Extracting links are is
fitted to hammer & top of tube.
Withdrawal of tube & ramming is
effected by hammer blows, filling
left space & forming corrugations.
Driven Cast in place Pile without permanent
casing
a steel tube is pitched with its lower end
resting on the ground at a spot the hole has
to be formed.
The base of a steel lining tube, supported
on a piling rig, is filled with ballast & tube
into the ground at reqd. depth the tube is
restrained & ballast is hammered to form
an enlarged toe.
The effect of driving the tube & ballast into
ground is to compact the soil around the
pile & subsequent hammering of the
concrete consolidates it into weak packets
& weak strata.
Enlarge toe provides additional bearing
area at the base of the pile to act as friction
pile. When tube has been driven to required
depth, held by cables, hammering is
continued to free the plug & force it
downwards below the bottom of the tube.
Reinforcement cage is lowered &
successive charges of concrete down the
tube & as each is rammed, tube is partially
extracted about 300mm at a time.

FRANKI COMPRESSED PILE

Simplex standard type
formed by driving a 400-450 mm dia steel tube , with fitted cast-
iron shoe, until reqd. set is reached. Reinforcement cage is
inserted & after charging concrete, extracting gear is attached &
tube is slowly withdrawn leaving shoe behind.
Simplex tamped piles
Tube is driven, reinforcement is lowered into position & tube is
filled to the level required for the top of the completed pile. The
extracting gear is fitted, tube is withdrawn with downward blows at
every few centimeters by drop hammer blow. The tamping is
repeated until completion.
Simplex bulb or extended piles
The tube with its fitted conical shoe is driven down to a
satisfactory set. After partially filled with one or more batches of
dry concrete, the remaining tube is filled with mixture of coarse
aggregate & sand (2:1).Tube is withdrawn, second shoe is fitted to
get enlarged bulb, reinforcement is lowered & tube after filled with SIMPLEX PILE
concrete is withdrawn. Two shoes are left behind
Simplex alligator jaw piles
A mild steel tube with a cast iron alligator jaw point attached with
hinges at its lower end is used for forming pile of up to 6m. The
jaws are closed before driving is commenced. After being lowered
to required depth the tube is filled with concrete. The weight of
concrete causes the jaws to open, permitting the concrete to flow
freely from the tube.
 CAST IN
SITU PILES
Mac
Arthur
Raymond
pile
piles

Vibro
piles

Vibro
expanded
pile
Simplex
piles
Franki
piles
BORED PILES
Situations where vibrations would endanger
stability of the adjacent bldgs. Where noise
would create a nuisance & headroom is
restricted. A cheaper form of equipment is
needed for small no. of piles.
A hole is drilled to withdraw soil from the hole
to cast the pile.
usually steel lining tubes are lowered or
knocked in, to maintain the sides of drilling. As
the pile is cast the lining tubes are gradually
withdrawn.
advantages are they are light, easily
manipulated equipment may be used &
precise analysis of subsoil strata is obtained.
disadvantage is that it is not possible to
check if concrete is properly compacted &
adequate cover is there.
Because of irregular shape of the surface of
finished pile it acts as a friction pile.

PRESSURE PILES, PNEUMATIC CAISSON

PILES ,
PRESTCORE PILES ARE FEW EXAMPLES
See Mc-kay Vol. 4 for details.
BORED COMPACTION PILE FOUNDATION
Advantages of cast-in situ piles:-
They are casted as per the required length. Therefore no wastage of
time ,money and material.
they are not subjected to the vibrations due to hammers.Hence they are
sound in construction.
No cost of transportation of the piles.
It is possible to calculate the load bearing capacity of the pile for design
accuracy as the nature of the bearing strata and the end bearing pile is
known.
They can be made to bear heavier loads by adopting pedestal pile
method.
Disadvantages of cast-in situ piles:-
Cannot be used under water.
Reinforcement can get displaced.
As concrete is dumped from great height, the quality of work is
not appreciably good.
Freshly laid concrete in the cast in-situ pile is more susceptible
to attack by corrosive constituents in the soil and the sub soil
water.
The driving of adjacent piles may rupture sheet less cast in-situ
pile on account of the tensile stresses set up in the ground during
driving.
 JACKED PILES

designed for use in cramped working conditions.

where the wall to be underpinned has strong concrete base are the pile
sections are jacked into the ground under the base & concrete cap is cast on
the top of the pile & up to the underside of concrete base.
when wall to be underpinned has poor base, then pair of piles are jacked in
each side of the wall to support steel or RCC to support the weight of the
wall.
Disadvantages of concrete piles compared to timber piles:-
Being heavy in weight difficult to handle & transport.
exact length of a pile can rarely be predetermined & as such it has to be
lengthened sometimes , rendering the pile weak at the joint.
If found too long after driving, it has got to be cut down which involves
extra labour, time and expense.
Can be subjected to the driving shocks after the concrete has fully set.
This may result in unsound construction.
Cost is more compared to the timber pile.
They cannot be driven rapidly.
They must be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.
They require technical supervision and heavy driving machines.
Advantages of concrete piles compared to timber piles:-
Durability of concrete piles is independent of the ground water level
Can be casted to any length,size or shape.
Can be used for marine works without any treatment.
Material required for manufacturing them is easily obtainable.
Bond with pile cap can be easily done compared with timber body where
it is not perfectly achievable.
They can be manufactured in bulk well before the work.
Their construction can be well supervised and any defect detected can
be rectified before use.
The reinforcements remain in their proper position and do not get
displaced.
They can be driven under water.
They can be loaded soon after they have been driven to the desired
depth.
 -
Transmission of load: by frictional resistance of the ground and the
pile surface.
Suitable for:- light structures located in compressive soils constantly
saturated with water.
Made from:- timber obtained from trees like Sal , teak , deodar ,
babul , khair.
Khair can withstand action of sea water better and are thus commonly
used for marine works.
Timber piles may be circular or square in cross section.
Advantages of timber piles:-
Economical
Can be driven rapidly and therefore saving of time
Can be recommended for sites where piles are subjected to unusual lateral
forces.
Do not need heavy machinery and elaborate technical supervision.
Disadvantages of timber piles:-
Conditions to decay or deteriorate by salt water or insects.
Low bearing capacity
Due to restricted length they cannot be used for jobs where long piles are
needed.
SHEET PILES
Used for many purposes like:
enclosing a site or part thereof to prevent escape of loose
subsoil & so safeguard against any settlement any structure
which is to be erected on it.
retaining sides of trenches & general excavations.
forming cofferdams (watertight compartments as for
foundations on water).
construction of retaining walls in docks & similar marine works.
coastal defense works- as protection against sea erosion etc.
river bank protection.
to be effective it must have close contact with each other &
various types of joints are used.

Types of Sheet Piles:

Steel sheet pile- Box piles

Reinforced concrete sheet piles

Timber sheet piles

 STEEL
PILES

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INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
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