Practical Research 2

Lesson 2- Variables
 VARIABLES
Definition
Variables are changing
qualities or characteristics of
persons or things like age, gender,
intelligence, ideas, achievements,
confidence and so on that are
involved in a research study.
 VARIABLES
Definition
They are made up of the root
or base word vary which means
to undergo changes or to differ
from. They have different or
varying values in relation to time
and situation.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

1. Qualitative Variable
2. Quantitative Variable
 KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. Qualitative variable
-consists of categories or
attributes which have non-
numerical characteristics
(classification, year level,
sex and subjects)
 KINDS OF VARIABLES
2. Quantitative variable
-consists of numbers
representing counts or
measurements (weight
height, age)
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
A. According to functional
relationship
1. Independent/ Input/
Predictor Variable
2. Dependent/ Outcome/
Criterion Variable
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

A. According to continuity
of values
1. Continuous Variable
2. Discrete Variable
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
A. According to scale of
measurements
1. Nominal Variable
2. Ordinal Variable
3. Interval Variable
4. Ratio Variable
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Independent Variable
-it is the probable cause of an
event (IQ)
Dependent Variable
-it is the outcome of an event
(academic achievement)
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Continuous Variable
-these are variables that can take the
form of decimals (weight, length,
height, grade)
Discrete Variable
-these are variables that can not take
the form of decimals (population
count, number of houses, family size)
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Nominal Variable
-is characterized by data that consist of names,
labels or categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme (ex. Name,
religion, sex)
Ratio Variable
-involves data that may be arranged in some
order, but differences between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless
(military rank, year level, salary grade)
 CLASS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Interval Variable
-is like the ordinal level, with additional
property that meaningful amount of differences
between data can be determined. However,
there is no inherent or natural zero starting
point (IQ, level of)
Ratio Variable
-is the interval level modified to include the
inherent zero starting point. For values at this
level, differences and ratios are meaningful
(height, weight, area)