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4- 2
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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L y
L L y y
y y
x (strain varies linearly)
L
c c
m or
m
y
x m
c
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y
yA
A
I x I A d 2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted
upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing Calculate the curvature
E = 165 GPa and neglecting the 1 M
effects of fillets, determine (a) the EI
maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20 90 1800 50 90 103
2 40 30 1200 20 24 103
3
A 3000 yA 114 10
3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000
121 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2
12
1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12
I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4
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Sample Problem
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m A 76.0 MPa
A
I 868 10 m 9 4
Example
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Example
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 200GPa
n 2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT 10 mm 2 18 mm 10 mm 56 mm
1.96875 106 mm 4
Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc 4500 Nm0.0375 m
m 85.7 MPa
I 1.96875 10-6 m 4
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 200 GPa
n 8.0
Ec 25 GPa
nAs 8.0 2 4 16mm 3216 mm 2
2
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m strain varies linearly across the section
c
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x
I
Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
Residual Stresses
Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
Example
A member of uniform rectangular cross section is
subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.
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Example
Thickness of elastic core:
2
3 M 1 1 yY
M
2 Y 3 2
c
2
3 28.8 kN m 1 1 yY
36.8 kN m
2 3 2 c
yY yY
0.666 2 yY 80 mm
c 60 mm
Radius of curvature:
Maximum elastic moment: Y 240 10 6 Pa
Y
I 2 2
c
3 bc 2
3
50 10 m60 10 m
3 3 2 E
1.2 10 3
200 109 Pa
120 10 6 m3 y
Y Y
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
yY 40 10 3 m
33.3 m
28.8 kN m Y 1.2 10 3
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Example
225 m
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Example
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
113.1 mm 2
P 700 N
0
A 113.110 6 m 2
6.2 MPa
M Pd 700 N 0.016 m
11.2 Nm 1017.9 mm 4
Mc 11.2 Nm0.006 m
m
I 1017.9 10-12 m 4
66 MPa
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Sample Problem
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
y
Wish to determine the conditions under M M z m dA
y
c
which the neutral axis of a cross section I
of arbitrary shape coincides with the or M m I I z moment of inertia
c
axis of the couple as shown. defines stress distribution
Example
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos M y M sin
Example
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 180 Nm cos 30 155.9 Nm
M y 180 Nmsin 30 90 Nm
I z 121 0.04 m 0.09 m 2.43 10-6 m 4
3
2
M yz
90 Nm0.02 m 3.75 MPa
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
Example
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Iz 2.43 10-6 m 4
tan tan tan 30
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
2.9
71o
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