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Taipeh 101
stairs, spectator stands, pedestrian bridges excited by marching or
jumping people. These vibrations are usually not dangerous for the
structure itself, but may become very unpleasant for the people,
steel structures like factory floors excited in one of their natural
frequencies by machines , such as screens, centrifuges, fans etc.,
ships exited in one of their natural frequencies by the main engines
or even by ship motion.
p0 cos t SDOF System
p0 1
u1 sin( t )
k1 (1 2 )2 (2 )2
k1
eigenfrequency: 1
m1
c1
damping ratio of Lehr:
2 m1 1
k1
1
m1
Thin structures with low damping have a high
peak in their amplification if the frequency of
excitation is similar to eigenfrequency
High dynamic forces and deformations
Solutions:
Strengthen the structure to get a higher
eigenfrequency
Application of dampers
Application of tuned mass dampers
Strengthen the structure to get a higher
eigenfrequency
2 EI
Eigenfrequency of a beam: f1 2
2 L m
p 0 cos t
differential equations:
1 k 1 u1 k 2 u1 u2
m1 u
c 2 u 1 u 2 p 0 cos t
2 k 2 u2 u1 c 2 u 2 u 1 0
m2 u
solution:
C := [p0 ( m1 2k1k2 ) p0 c p0 k2 p0 c ]
u1, max
4
2 2
2
2 2
u1, stat 2 2
4 1
2
2 2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2
p0
static deformation: u1, stat
k1
k1 k2
eigenfrequencies: 1 2
m1 m2
2
ratio of frequencies:
1 1
c2
Damping ratio of Lehr:
2 m2 2
m2
mass ratio:
m1
0 0.10
0.32
u1, max
u1, stat
1
All lines meet in the points S and T
S T
u1 ( 0) u1 ( ) 2 2 1
2
u1, stat u1, stat 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1
4 1 2 2 2 2
2
2 0
2 2
1 1 2 2
2
1
2 2 2
S ,T 2
2 2 2
u1 u1,stat
in : u1,S 2 2
u1, stat S 1 S
u1,stat
u1, T 2 2
T 1 T
Optimisation of TMD
for the smallest deformation: u1, S u1,T
2 2 2
S T
1
2 2 1 2 2
S T 2
2
Optimal ratio of 1
Optimal k2
eigenfrequencies: 1 spring constant
3
Minimize u1, S u1,T u1, stat
8 1
3
3
Optimal damping constant: opt
8 1
3
Ratio of masses:
The higher the mass of the TMD is, the better is the damping.
Useful: from 0.02 (low effect) up to 0.1 (often constructive limit)
Ratio of frequencies:
0.98 - 0.86
0.08 - 0.20
Adjustment:
Different Assumptions of
Youngs Modulus and
Weights