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Slope = 5 V/kN
Load Cell Output, Vo
Input, Fi (kN)
Input, Output,
F(kN) K=5V/kN Vo(V)
EXAMPLE OF SENSITIVITY
The resistance value of a Platinum Resistance Thermometer changes when the
temperature increases. Therefore, the unit of sensitivity for this equipment is
Ohm/C. Slope Most Sensitive
=output/
input
0 0
100 200
200 400
300 600
400 800
Absolute error, e = Yn X n
where, Y expected value
n
Xn measured value
Yn X n
% Error = Y 100
n
Yn X n
Relative accuracy, A 1
Yn
% Accuracy, a = 100% - % error
= A 100
Xn Xn
Precision, P = 1
Xn
Yn X n
iii. Relative accuracy, A 1
Yn
= 0.9875
1) Gross Error
- caused by human mistakes in reading/using instruments.
- cannot eliminate but can be minimized.
2) Systematic Error
- due to shortcomings of the instrument (such
as
defective or worn parts)
- 3 types of systematic error :-
(i) Instrumental error
(ii) Environmental error
(iii) Observational error
3) Random error
- due to unknown causes, occur when all systematic
error has accounted
- accumulation of small effect, require at high degree
of accuracy
- can be avoided by-
(a) increasing number of reading
(b) use statistical means to obtain best approximation
of true value
Linearity
Linearity :
Basically, a mathematical equation is said to be linear
if the following properties hold.
homogeneity
additivity
What does this mean? We first look at the
property of homogeneity.
Linearity
Linearity : Homogeneity
y = 4x Eq 1.1
Also, we note,
y = f(x1 + x2) = 4(x1 + x2) = 4x1 + 4x2 Eq 1.4
7
Threshold
If the instrument input is very gradually increased from zero there will be
a minimum value required to give a detectable output change. This
minimum value defines the threshold of the instrument.
Output
input
23
RESOLUTION
Ability to discriminate between nearly equal values.
If X max and X min are the highest and lowest limit of calibration
then X max - X min is called as the span of the instrument.
3. Zonal drift